dear friends atttached below is an excellent piece on a possibility to the recent outages. it seems a little too convenient that the feddies want to control the net, have a meeting about the net and at the same time... walla denial of service everywhere... these mean hackers out there.. we gotta do something about it. always faceless badguys we need to lose our freedoms over...NOT!!. paul our site has been updated and revamped with flash in conjunction with our new release so stop by and check us out http://www.pokerface.com poker face music http://www.pokerface.org poker politiks Subject: Fed Hackers? Date: Tue, 29 Feb 2000 09:20:36 -0700 From: "M.O.M." Reply-To: militia@montana.com Organization: Militia of Montana To: "M.O.M. Email Alert List" Feds Behind Recent Massive Web Hacking Date: Mon, 28 Feb 2000 18:59:04 -0600 From: Anon Nymous Reply-To: texas_net@egroups.com To: Bill Brumbaugh , Bible Prophecy Intresting . . . ===== Caveat Lector 2.23.00 Feds Behind Recent Massive Web Hacking/Fwd During the unprecedented massive blitz of hack-attacks which brought some of the world's most active websites to an utter standstill in the second week of February through implementation of DDoS (distributed denial of service) tactics, NewsHawk made a basic "call" on the situation. To whit: we postulated that the hack-attacks, implemented on a scale and to an extent previously unheard-of, were most likely carried out by spooky cyber-goon squads in the employ of our beloved federal government. Since I am by no stretch of anyone's imagination what could even remotely be considered a computer geek or wirehead, nor am I particularly strong on researching issues which don't directly concern me, I made my call on the scene, solicited and published opinions from our mailing list on the situation and pretty much left it at that. Well, it turns out I wasn't the ONLY one who was more than a little bit suspicious that feds may have had more than a little bit to do with the hacking blitz. Indeed, MacAddict columnist Rich Pizor outdid us by a mile and actually researched the background of the whole situation: in particular with respect to certain proposals for an "Internet Gestapo" kind of deal known as the Federal Investigation and Detection Network, or FIDNet, which the Clinton gang had just recently been advancing as a means of "patrolling" cyberspace. The deafening chorus of either boos, hisses or just plain silence from all quarters which greeted the Clintonistas' Brave New World-style proposal caused a retreat of sorts, but according to Pizor's view, most likely only a temporary one. Indeed, one just long enough for these gangstas and goons to lick their wounds and come up with a PLAN which would make everyone fall slavishly in line with their malignant (as usual) machinations and devious schemes. Namely; the initiation of the overwhelming hack-attack tidal wave and blitzkrieg which devastated the Web a couple of weeks ago. It's an old Machiavellian game. Create a previously non-existent problem, and then let everyone cry and beg for you to provide a solution. Sheesh. And you thought WE get out a limb with these kooky conspiracy scenarios. But seriously, we think Pizor is in fact ONE HUNDRED PERCENT correct in his suppositions. And what's REALLY interesting to us at NewsHawk, considering what we've put up with lately in terms of "mysteriously" missing or diverted emails and related malicious harassment, is the notice tacked on the end of Pizor's article, (which we've reprinted in full below): "We were unable to bring you this column at it's expected time and place in the Monday newsletter because our email server was having problems and our web site may have been under attack. COINCIDENCE?????" Uh... "coincidence? No f**king WAY! As Charlie Chan used to say: "too many coincidence, no longer a coincidence." Get the picture? NewsHawk® Inc. -- Join the Militia of Montana Email Alert List by writing to: militia@montana.com with "SUBSCRIBE" in the Subject Line! For the latest in great survival, preparedness and politically incorrect materials visit our Online Catalog at: http://www.montana.com/militiaofmontana/catalog.htm Some great deals are to be had! Or, send $2.00 to the address below for a copy of our 40+ page Preparedness Catalog. Militia of Montana P.O. Box 1486, Noxon, MT 59853 Tel: 406-847-2735 n Fax: 406-847-2246 Remove yourself from this list by writing to: militia@montana.com and type "UNSUBSCRIBE" in the subject line. ______________________________________________ wow. this article is excellent. i have said this a many a times. most humans are like the walking dead. living in a trance-like state of consciousness. they dont want to be woken out of their drugged up and dumbed down state of existence they live their lives. the good thing is that many of us are no longer sleeping and are taking the establishment head on. Our Rights are our rights regardless of what the Prostiticians in government try to tell us and lie to us. pray America for yourselves, you are gonna need it. paul Subject: MATRIX UPDATE-Synchronistic Linguistics in The Matrix Date: Sun, 20 Feb 2000 16:02:35 -0500 From: ralph@teaminfinity.com To: ralph@teaminfinity.com COMMUNIQUE #2274 http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/church ----------------- http://www.vatican.va/library_archives/vat_secret_archives/index.htm FREE DSL ??? http://WWW.FREEDSL.COM http://www.truthbeknown.com DEI-CIDE - "Do you really think so ?" I don't !!! http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/matrix.txt <-READ & WAKE the F*CK UP !!!!!! "Socialism is the myth that two people can live off each other indefinitely without either of them doing any work." Synchronistic Linguistics in The Matrix --------------------------------------- Or How Bob Dobbs Became the Tetrad Manager by Robert Guffey http://members.aol.com/alhidell/paranoia/22Article.htm "To use the images of the city is not appropriate to our time. The real city today is Magnetic City. Magnetic City is the whole world in a little acoustic imitation of resonating electromagnetic white light. We're all on that little node. It can't be visualized, but the whole world is on that spot all the time, and that's the state of being discarnate. To someone who wants to have visual parameters, that's a very claustrophobic thing to imagine. But we are stuck in that. That's why people are channeling. That's why people are doing all the various things that have been surprising to Americans for the past twenty years. They're trying to erase their body, and the motive for that is the sensory-structural change resulting from electric conditions. Did you know that even speaking, even not being in a trance, is a form of trance under electric conditions? Just walking around is a form of trance today because any bodily activity is inside this little electronic, discarnate node of consciousness called Magnetic City." Bob Dobbs (Dave Porter Interview 10/16/88) An interesting parallel to the above view is expressed by a hypnotist named Jack True. In the epilogue to Jon Rappoport's 1998 book The Secret Behind Secret Societies, True makes the incredible statement that he's "stopped doing hypnosis on most people" because most of his clients are already in a hypnotic trance when they walk into his office! "The modern idea that surrounds our society is that by being nice, by being very nice you will fit into the system around you and everyone else will be happy with you. The only thing is, everything around you is hypnotic. I mainly find myself doing reverse-hypnosis these days. I do things to wake people up." (371). As I write this on the night of April 25th, 1999, a film called The Matrix is number one at the box office. Though by no means a perfect science fiction movie, it still manages to pack one hell of a wallop. I'd hardly put it on the same scale as 2001: A Space Odyssey or Brazil, or even Blade Runner, but at the same time I don't believe the flaws in the film represent a weakness on the part of the Wachowski Brothers' writing talents. I believe the film is designed to disseminate a subversive message through the filter of popular culture. As Marshall McLuhan said, "Anything that's popular is a rear-view image." The Matrix is not about the future, it's about the past: circa 1945, to be exact. The Wachowski Brothers' previous film, Bound, received good reviews but fared poorly at the box office, which proves to me that they're more than capable of non-generic, non-traditional writing. I suspect the overly-long fight scenes and limited characterizations are specifically intended to lull the viewers into a hypnotic state, to drag their brainwaves down into alpha, at which point the filmmakers slam the message home: ‘Wake Up, You're Being Controlled.' This is a cliché. Clichés are obsolete. "If it works, it's obsolete." Marshall McLuhan explains this quite well in the first chapter of his 1964 book Understanding Media. I could compare The Matrix to ancient Vedic philosophy, Hassan-i-Sabbah ("Nothing is real, everything is permitted"), the experimental novels of William S. Burroughs (The Reality Studio in Naked Lunch), Philip K. Dick's series of solipsistic novels (Eye in the Sky, Ubik, A Maze of Death, not to mention dozens of others), recent proponents of VR technology (Jaron Lanier), and the best-selling novels of William Gibson. But, this film has almost nothing to do with any of those things. Halfway through, I realized it was all about Bob Dobbs. Not J.R. Bob Dobbs; the real Bob Dobbs. The real Bob Dobbs has nothing to do with the Church of the SubGenius, was never assassinated in San Francisco, and doesn't even smoke a pipe. He is the guiding intelligence behind two quirky CDs entitled Bob's Media Ecology and Bob's Media Ecology2 (which features the music of Negativland, Coldcut and Steinski), a radio play entitled Who's Forgotten Furry Lint? (a Bob Marshall production), and the author of Phatic Communion With Bob Dobbs. (Perfect Pitch Editions, 1992) Bob Dobbs is an expert on communications theory and was a colleague of Marshall McLuhan at the Center for Culture and Technology in Toronto, Ontario. For several years during the mid-'80s he was the personal advisor to investigative journalist Bob Marshall, who hosted a radio show on CKLN-FM called the International Connection. The show regularly featured the information of groundbreaking conspiracy theorists such as Mae Brussell, Sherman Skolnick, Dr. Peter Beter, and Lyndon LaRouche's Executive Intelligence Review. Adam Vaughan, the manager of the station, fired Marshall early in 1987 for broadcasting Dr. Beter's "antiSemitic rants" against the Rothschilds. The fact that Beter railed against the Rockefellers just as much as the Rothschilds apparently went right over Vaughan's head. Dobbs later replaced Marshall on the air, and has since followed a rather interesting career trajectory. According to him, he's taken over the Earth. Dobbs is a brilliant but eccentric fellow who claims to be the leader of "The Secret Council of Ten," a shadowy cabal that controls the world using complicated techniques known as "synchronistic-linguistics" and "tetrad management." As far as I know, the latter term was first developed by Marshall McLuhan and his son Eric in their 1988 book Laws of Media: The New Science. The tetrad is a four-step process that analyzes the projected evolution of man-made artifacts; you might say it's a means of predicting the future of humanity by predicting the future of its technology. Dobbs claims the NSA and other intelligence organizations utilize the techniques outlined in Laws of Media to manage world affairs. He also claims that he and his colleagues are engaged in the same exact activities. Thus, he refers to himself as "The Tetrad Manager." Though he looks no older than 35, he claims to have been born on Feb. 2nd, 1922. When asked to explain this incongruity he explains that a unique device known as the D-Cell has enabled him to maintain the veneer of youth even though he's really going on 78 years old. He also claims to be "the only artist alive today." When asked to elaborate he replies that everyone else in the world is really dead, therefore he feels completely at ease with declaring himself "the only artist alive today." According to Dobbs everyone else disappeared in 1945, leaving behind a world of "holeopathic retrievals." "Holeopathic," he explains, is a mixture of "homeopathy" and "hologram." Homeopathy is a form of medical treatment where the physician takes the essence of a substance and dilutes it, the theory being that the tinier the dose the more potent it is. A hologram is an artificial environment indistinguishable from the reality upon which it's based. Dobbs claims it was the implementation of what he calls "the solar government" in 1945 that caused the disappearance of Earth's entire population, who were then replaced with holograms. This means that succeeding generations are mere holograms of holograms of holograms, ad infinitum. The tinier the holograms, the more realistic and engaging the artificial environment becomes, hence the term "holeopathic retrieval." In order to break out of this program, he claims we must become what he calls "menippean satirists." The word "menippean" is derived from the Greek writer Menippus, who lived around 230 B.C. According to Dobbs, "He mixed prose and poetry and different styles in a rather anarchistic way, and that mixing of styles is traditionally called menippean satire by historians." (Interview 7/24/93) Though it's not quite clear—Dobbs' explanations tend to lean toward the abstract to say the least—by advising us all to become menippean satirists, he's suggesting metaphorically that we need to learn how to flip in and out of various environments at will, just as Menippus flipped in and out of various writing styles. We have to learn to wear our environments like clothing. Dobbs goes on to explain, referring to himself in the third person, "the goddess Circe turned men to swine. Bob's role is to return the swine—or our media extensions as the new animals—to human form again, to get back out of the tiny diluted homeopathic level. I'm here to retrieve our human-scale identity." Dobbs' solution to this is surprising: We as secret discarnate menippean satirists who follow Bob, what do we do? We know that we don't want to be just discarnate. We want to retrieve the human form. What is the one religion that celebrates the human form in an individualistic sense, not in the Oriental sense of the human gnostic pleasure machine of the body? The Christian concept of the human body—God in flesh, as Christ manifested in his individuation of that process. One individual, not a tribe. We as discarnate menippean ironists, we put on Catholicism in the sense of the true Christian tradition of celebrating the human form over all technological amplifications of it. So we're secretly Catholics." Despite this, Dobbs maintains the Pope is the Anti-Christ. "He's acting out that potential of the Christian mythic tradition," Dobbs explains: The problem is the Pope believes he has a human body in the first nature sense, what I call the anthropomorphic image of oneself. The aristocrats rule with that image by controlling land, like feudalism. They think—and hope—that the planet is still there. They do not want you to realize that Nature dropped out and there's no basis for land, wealth, or gold. So their efforts are to move us back to a gold-based economy based on Prince Charles running the show. This is the strategy of the Anti-Christ: to leap back to first nature, to use the images of first nature and claim that he is the Tetrad Manager. That's why, all around the Earth, they're solving the debt crisis by allowing the Third World countries to cancel the debt if they give over wilderness lands to the central banks, because the oligarchs want to occupy the first nature. I'm an anti-environment to that. Bob hoicks up the values of the discarnate state, the electric environment that keeps Nature in a subordinate role. In other words Bob enhances the discarnate virtual reality image, which can't be bought, sold, or stolen. This is done as an ironic strategy in opposition to Prince Charles, who wants to stay in one fixed position. Secretly, followers of Bob will return to their anthropomorphic bodies, but with full awareness of how they lost them. Anybody can flip out of the body and become discarnate, and like a menippean satirist go back and forth into the first nature [original nature] and second nature [virtual reality]. (Ken Yas Interview 5/4/95) I first heard Bob Dobbs on May 29th, 1993 early one Saturday morning on KPFK in Los Angeles. I tuned in thinking Mr. Dobbs was in some way connected to the Church of the SubGenius. I expected to hear Rev. Ivan Stang's typically irreverent (irrelevant?), quasi-religious rants about the Illuminati-controlled "pinks" attempting to steal "slack" from SubGenii wealthy enough to mail a dollar bill to Stang's Church. As you've already seen, what I got was something quite different indeed. Particularly delightful was hearing the callers trying to make sense of this confusing and yet oddly sensible melange of heady scholarship and absurd non sequiturs. Chats with Bob induce quite a vertiginous sensation in the average Homo sapien. One second you'll be listening to a postgraduate-level lecture on the effects of mass communications on society, then before you can escape you're being assaulted by a non-stop stream of bizarre theories bordering on the surreal. For example: in September of 1977 the Rockefellers' secret moonbase was destroyed by the Russians' Particle Beam weapon during the Battle of the Harvest Moon, Henry Kissinger was killed in 1979 and replaced with a Russian Robotoid, three years after which (on Sept. 17, 1982) Dobbs joined forces with Richard Nixon and Dr. Beter to interrupt "the Bolsheviks' attempt to start Nuclear War One with a First Strike against the Soviet Union." (Dobbs 125) This is a mere fraction of the phantasmagoria that comes twirling out of Dobbs' mouth with the grace of a Bolshoi ballerina. One's initial reaction might be that of utter skepticism, but as Marshall McLuhan writes in his 1972 book Take Today: "Only puny secrets need protection. Big discoveries are protected by public incredulity." (92) My own skepticism of Dobbs' omniscience has waned over the years for a variety of reasons. I have a taped interview with Dobbs recorded on October 16th, 1988 in which he accurately predicts the fall of the Berlin Wall almost to the exact day. To suggest such a possibility when the Cold War was at its most frigid seemed like pure science fiction. Today it seems more like supernatural prescience. Further credibility surrounds Dobbs' strange pronouncements. In the last chapter of the meticulously researched book Operation Mind Control (Chp. 41, pg. 15), journalist Walter Bowart writes: When I last saw Bob, between meetings of a Finnegans Wake study group, he was making an in-depth study of Norman Mailer's novel, Harlot's Ghost, and trying to explain how he was actually the central character in the book. Shortly after I visited Bob, I visited Fletcher Prouty [former advisor to President Kennedy and author of The Secret Team]. He had read Harlot's Ghost and had made a list of character's names beside which he wrote the names of real people he thought they might be. He sent the list to Mailer who wrote back telling him he'd gotten all of them right except one. Tetrad Management Mysterious little synchronicities like these abound and soon become commonplace once you've been exposed to Dobbs. You begin to see hints of Dobbs' Tetrad Management everywhere—on license plates and old television shows, in crop circles and cigarette ads, in pinball machines and star-studded blockbuster movies ... like The Matrix. If I didn't know any better, I'd suspect that the Wachowski Bros. worked side by side with Dobbs to slip in signs of his presence throughout the course of the entire film. Keanu Reeves' character Neo (an obvious anagram for "one") is jumpstarted out of his humdrum existence by the use of synchronistic linguistics. During an interview on KPFK broadcast on September 24th, 1994, the following exchange occurs between Dobbs and an anonymous caller: Caller: For the individual who called earlier who was wondering what you were talking about, I think you should've at least given him one word: synchronistic-linguistics. Basically that's what you're doing, you're just trying to encourage people to recognize the patterns for themselves—the ever-densifying retrievals of synchronicity. Dobbs: You're making me feel like Rumplestiltskin. Remember how Rumplestiltskin did not want his name known? You have named me pretty accurately. Synchronistic-linguistics, if you include all technologies as linguistics, is the right term. Caller: Yeah, exactly. And that's what Finnegans Wake presaged. That's what's so brilliant about it. Dobbs: That's the electric environment. Dan Rather does synchronistic-linguistics. That's what Tetrad Management is, as it comes out of the DIA and the National Security Agency. That's how they manage the Global Theatre, through synchronistic linguistics which really numbs the population. So I am a mirror of that. Caller: Well, they strive for control but the true natural phenomenon of synchronicity, as I'm often want to say, is the only thing they—whoever "they" are—can't actually control, not in the ultimate sense of Rupert Sheldrake's conceptions about morphogenesis and synchronistic patterns. Dobbs: No, they can't control your private citadel of consciousness, and that means they can't control you, but they can control our synthetic crowd behavior. That's what you've got to realize. You've got to realize they are controlling us through synchronistic linguistics. They call it the audience participation mystique. They allow everybody to roam the planet to be what they want to be. In other words, read Marshall McLuhan's essay called "Catholic Humanism in Modern Letters" where he says the world government in 1954 understood that Finnegans Wake was the key to world management. They understood that, that early, and Marshall blew the whistle on them and they really nailed him for it. Synchronistic-Linguistics: The White Rabbit A cryptic message appears on Neo's computer. The message reads: "Wake up, Neo. The Matrix has you. Follow the White Rabbit. Knock, knock, Neo." At that exact moment he hears two successive knocks at the door. He opens the door and sees a tattoo of a white rabbit on a woman's shoulder. The woman leads him out of his apartment, the little urban cocoon where most of his life is spent plugged into the electric "mood-mud" of the mixed corporate-media environment—what Bob Dobbs calls "Magnetic City." The white rabbit (i.e., synchronistic-linguistics) helps lead the hypnotized Neo to take his first tentative steps from second nature back to first nature. He follows the tattooed woman to a night club where he first meets Trinity, the woman who will later fall in love with him as well as save his life. The Catholic overtones of the name Trinity should be obvious. (Trinity is also the name of the site in New Mexico where the first atom bomb was detonated in 1945, the same year Dobbs claims everything disappeared and was replaced by holeopathic retrievals.) Trinity leads Neo to Morpheus, ostensibly the head of an underground faction of renegade hackers. In Greek mythology, of course, Morpheus was one of the sons of Hypnos, the god of sleep. According to Funk & Wagnalls' Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend, "Morpheus either gave shape to dreams or brought dreams of human figures." (749) This is interesting, for when Jack True says he has to "wake people up," he actually means the exact opposite. According to Dobbs, we're under reverse conditions in the electric environment. As can be seen in McLuhan's Laws of Media, every tetrad eventually flips into its opposite function. As Dobbs says, "First technology flips, then information itself flips." (Interview 7/24/93) Under the category of the word "information" you could include human language. The Wachowski Bros. must be aware of this, at least on a subconscious level. Though the initial message sent to Neo reads "Wake up," they purposely give Neo's mentor the name of a mythological figure who puts people to sleep. This paradox represents the tetrad-flip. Under electric conditions the second-nature body is overstimulated to the point of constant awareness. In Magnetic City nobody sleeps. Therefore, it's intriguing that the Wachowski Bros. chose as their mythological template not Icalus or Phantasus, or Hypnos himself, but Morpheus—who specializes in dreams of the human form. Morpheus' goal, like Dobbs, is to retrieve Neo's human-scale identity. Only seconds after typing the last paragraph, purely by accident, I came across the following sentence in one of Dobbs' manifestoes: "This New Batch, the generation born since 1990, are even-tempered, tolerant menippeans (I suggest they are Morphic Spirals—Morpheus having been the son of the god of Sleep) as opposed to the glowing Boomer menippeans and the glum X-er menippeans." ("Silencing the Virtually Solar Theater" 6) Another example of synchronistic-linguistics at work? As Hunter S. Thompson likes to say, "Res Ipsa Loquitor." Morpheus offers Neo two pills, one red and one blue, an obvious parallel to the "Drink Me" sequence in Alice in Wonderland. After he swallows the red pill Neo begins to, in Jack True's terms, "wake up," (i.e., return to the first nature). The effects of the illusion of visual space slipping away from Neo is presented as an experience akin to an hallucinatory trip on LSD. Neo reaches out for a mirror, which represents visual space. To his surprise the mirror begins to dissolve and his fingers slip through the glass as if it's made of viscous liquid. Though Wonderlawn's lost us for ever. Alis, alas, she broke the glass! (Joyce 270) When Alice went through the vanishing point of the visual world, breaking the hardware of the looking-glass world, she became involved in a series of rapid metamorphoses, not unrelated to her tears. "Who am I, then? Tell me that first, and then, if I like being that person, I'll come up." ... Lewis Carroll, a non-Euclidean mathematical professor, was the first to denote the dilemma of a print-oriented world in his fable. (McLuhan Culture Is Our Business 68) The liquified mirror slithers up Neo's arm as if it's a living being. Within seconds it has covered his entire body. He has become subsumed by visual space. But as per the dictates of tetrad management, every environment eventually flips into its opposite form. Thus, the next time we encounter Neo he will have flipped back into the first nature. But it's important to note that the mirror itself represents more than just a portal out of the second nature. During his 9/24/94 KPFK interview, the following exchange occurs between Dobbs and a caller who refers to himself as, of all things, Prof. Illuminatus: Prof. Illuminatus: Is any of this close to the ‘Crack in the Cosmic Egg,' the actual crack, the area of action that Joseph Chilton Pierce talks about? Dobbs: No. The problem with the crack is that it's a visual image. It's an extension of the mirror. In my book, on the first page or so, you'll see the phrase The Analogical Mirrors. We have to look at a figure-ground. The Illuminati is a mirror, constantly through all time, but the conditions of the mirror changes. So the Western left hemisphere was a visual mirror—the egg with the crack—but now we're into an acoustic, tactile mirror. How do you mirror something that's essentially non-visual? That was attempted by James Joyce in Finnegans Wake. So the wisdom I offer today is how to be flexible in the modalities of The Analogical Mirrors. You could say that the lamp is the acoustic mirror because it's light-through. Symbolism of the nineteenth century played off the mirror vs. the lamp, the mirror as visual, the lamp as acoustic. The tactile mirror is me as I am today with you. That's a mirror for you, but it's not just a visible mirror. So know that the Crack in the Cosmic Egg is a rearview-mirror nostalgic retrieval. The Mirror is the Illuminati. The red pill enables Neo first to slip through the Illuminati-Buddhist virtual reality program, just as Alice slipped through the looking-glass, and then return to his anthropomorphic human form. On the other side of the mirror he meets the companions who will help him on his quest. Significantly, upon first meeting Neo each of the characters communes with him silently (i.e., phatically) except for the man named Cipher, who will later betray him. It's as if the filmmakers are using Cipher's verbality as a symbol of his future transgression. Cipher is not a true menippean, thus phatic communion is denied him. Phatic Communion is the title of Bob Dobbs' book. "Phatic Communion" is an obscure phrase first used in the 1920s by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski in the book The Meaning of Meaning (1923) to describe unacknowledged communication networks among tribes, the archetypal clichés that are embedded so deeply in the culture that no one even realizes they exist. It can also be described as a form of communication where the verbal content is not intended literally; its true meaning, in fact, is completely different from the content of the message. Here's a good example provided by Dobbs himself: "You approach somebody who's fixing a flat tire on a highway, and you're a stranger to that person, and you come up and say, ‘Got a flat tire?' The person doesn't scream at you, ‘What's it look like?!' He knows that you know he has a flat tire. The content of what you're saying is not the communication. It's a recognition of the person as a gesture, like waving." (Interview 7/24/93). This is a fascinating concept. If you think about it, most jokes—particularly satire—could be considered phatic. Take Jonathan Swift's "A Modest Proposal," for instance. The real meaning of the piece differs from the content. Taken literally, it seems to advocate not only mass infanticide but cannibalism as well. Taken phatically, we realize that it's a cry of moral outrage protesting the treatment of Ireland's lower classes. Menippean satire is phatic. When Dobbs encourages us to become menippeans he's really saying that we have to begin thinking of ourselves, the entire society, the Global Theatre itself, as nothing more than a joke. When taken literally this joke can actually seem quite depressing, which is why we somehow have to learn to transcend our collective content, the electric swill of Magnetic City. We have to learn to commune phatically in order to fully understand Dobbs' main message: everything's disappeared. This, itself, is a phatic statement. The meaning of the phrase has nothing to do with the literal content. Dobbs is an artist. Under electric conditions, when nobody is listening to anything anyone is saying, when every being on the planet wishes to be the sole player on the stage of the Global Theatre, you can't communicate directly if you wish to be understood. Like Menippus and Jonathan Swift and James Joyce and Marshall McLuhan and William Burroughs and Philip K. Dick and the Marx Bros. and the Wachowski Bros., you have to make an end-run around the Ivory Tower. The Ivory Tower is now the Control Tower, and the Control Tower is in the mud. Bob Dobbs, 5/4/95 The fifth element is mud. Napolean Bonaparte, c. 1800 Neo's newfound companions reveal to him that the world he's known up till now is, in fact, nothing more than a virtual reality created by an Artificial Intelligence (AI) program grown so far out of control that it's taken over the Earth and now breeds humans on a mass scale in order to use their bodies as a constant source of energy, while imprisoning their minds in a complex virtual reality program they know as the "real world." You might think this is an unrealistic plot until you realize that the AI program represents the Anti-Bob, the faction of the Cryptocracy that wishes us to believe we still have physical bodies in the first-nature sense. The matrix is a form of phatic communion. Neo's companions proceed to show him what a human being is capable of in a virtual reality program once he's no longer burdened by the illusion that he has a body. This was the key scene that clued me in on the fact that the entire film is actually about Bob Dobbs' ascension to the position of Tetrad Manager. A character named Tank sends Neo into the VR program to learn martial arts. The Wachowski Bros. could have had him learn karate, Kung Fu, Tae Kwon Do, the Mao Tse Tung Whirlwind Kick, whatever. They could've chosen anything. But what's the first word that comes out of Neo's mouth as he prepares to enter the training program? "Jujitsu." This is extremely significant from a Dobbsian perspective. I think you'll see why when you read the following excerpt from his 1/22/94 interview on Dave Porter's "Genesis of a Music": Caller: Good morning, sir. I've been listening to the radio since seven o'clock this morning. I've been listening to a very interesting program, but I don't really know what it's all about. I turned it on when this Bob fellow said, "I'm going to be doing an interview with Frank Zappa in two years even though he's already dead," then later on I hear him say he's really a black woman. Is he a man, is he a woman? What does holistic music mean? I'm confused . . . but it's interesting. Thank you. [This isn't the first time Dobbs has claimed to be a black woman; it's a motif that pops up over and over again in his dialogues. In light of this fact, perhaps it would be relevant to note that at a crucial point in the film Neo receives spiritual guidance from a black woman known only as The Oracle.] Host: And thank you. Final comments? Dobbs: That's a very perceptive interpretation, a very honest interpretation of the effects of me and tetrad management. Did he say the phrase "holistic music"? Host: Yeah, I think he mistook "holeopathic retrieval" for "holistic music." Dobbs: [Laughs] Well, what this show is about is, uh . . . Who's Forgotten Furry Lint? That's what it's about. And it's within the context of Hand Signals For The Blind. But it's about—your ears may not believe it—it's about the person who controls this Global Theatre. And I don't control it in a dictatorial George Bush sense. I control it through jujitsu. So this caller has been listening for an hour and a half to the most aware, most conscious person in the world. And, of course, if you are aware then you're a chameleon. The menippean tactility of the mixed corporate-media puts people, all of us, through many changes of form and shape and desire. Therefore, I have to manifest this as part of my satire, not that the satire isn't based on a real science. I don't mean to be arbitrary in my satire. It's like McLuhan used to say, "Humor is part of learning." When you're laughing, you're learning. So, I have to mime the environment that I'm describing. During a press conference on shortwave radio, they actually have on tape Ronald Reagan being asked if he was a woman, and him saying "Yes." The mere mention of the word "jujitsu" in The Matrix, and its role as the covert objective correlative of the plot, clearly draws the subtext of the film into the Dobbsian superstructure. Though the basic framework (i.e., the figure) of the film isn't too dissimilar from other entries in the ever-growing action adventure genre, the use of Bob Dobbs' special brand of menippean satire (i.e., the hidden ground) lifts The Matrix to a much higher realm worthy of deeper critical analysis than there's room for in a single article. I believe the recurrence throughout the film of palindromic numbers such as 101 and 303 represent ternary ciphers pointing toward Dobbs' secret influence on the filmmakers. "Bob," after all, is a palindrome reduced to its smallest possible size, not unlike a holeopathic retrieval. The smaller the palindrome, the more powerful its resonance in the human mind. As Dobbs himself says, "BOB is sort of like the OM concept. It contains all sounds, all words, all artefacts." (Interview 5/4/95) The conclusion of the film truly underscores Dobbs' influence on the Wachowski Bros. When Neo realizes his full potential and transforms into The One he steps out of the boundaries of not only visual space but acoustic, kinetic, and tactile space as well. He merges into the mixed corporate-media electric environment itself and becomes "one" with it. By regaining his human body in the first-nature sense, he's able to then flip back into the second nature (the virtual reality program) with full awareness of how he lost his body originally, thus enabling him to gain control over the second nature and destroy the evil holeopathic retrievals who have been sent by the AI program to destroy him and his companions. Though this is not stated, Neo probably doesn't even need a programmer to enter the virtual reality world anymore. He can flip in and out of his body at will. He's the ultimate menippean satirist. This is a clear allegory for how Bob Dobbs staged his campaign for chairmanship of the Secret Council of Ten. In February of 1988 the Council held an election during which Dobbs rigged the computers so that he would win. He beat out three of his adversaries: Prince Charles, a Russian named Romanov who was ruling the USSR using Gorbachev as a cover, and Prince Thurn und Taxis. Because he was no longer controlled by the Council, he was able to begin releasing crucial information to the public early in 1988. Unfortunately, he soon discovered that nobody was listening, which is probably why the Cryptocracy hasn't bothered to bump him off. Dobbs is now attempting to make an end-run around the Cryptocracy. In order to persuade people to listen to his message, he's decided he must first persuade them to turn off the media environment. In the early 90s he developed a program known as Media Ecology, the main purpose of which is to encourage a Media Fast. The following is excerpted from one of Dobbs' flyers distributed by Gerry Fialka's Contemporary Communications Conference: We are polluting Art as fast as we are tidying up Nature. The people of the Earth are encouraged to engage in an experiment of utmost urgency. We must turn off the electric environment for a period of one week to perform a cleansing of mass-man's mind, body and spirit. We must get back to our bodies, lest we forget they are still there! Imagine the freedom to be experienced as the top-down cultural control of civilization is eradicated for even the briefest period! If everyone did participate in the media Fast, how would we know it happened? Stay tuned... The paradoxical nature of the last sentence seems to be intentional. Near the end of his final interview on KPFK Dobbs reveals, "We can't turn off TV. This whole agenda I'm proposing is a vain extension of nothing by nothing. But in software/wetware conditions we just have to think about something collectively and it's done. So if we become aware of what my agenda is and think it, it is done." (Interview 9/24/94) Dobbs' current predicament is exactly the same as that of Neo in the final scene of The Matrix. We see him standing in a telephone booth on a crowded city street, addressing the AI through a pay phone. "I'm going to show everybody what you don't want them to see," he says. "I'm going to show them a world without you." We see him step out of the phone booth and onto the street, where he is surrounded by hordes of busy pedestrians on their way to a non-existent job in a non-existent world. Somehow he must convince each of them that they're nothing more than holeopathic retrievals. The film ends as his quest begins. According to the ancient Hebrew system of the Kabalah, two words possessing similar numerical ciphers are considered inextricably linked. On a whim, I calculated the Kabalistic numbers of both "Neo and "Bob" The results: Neo equals 46, Bob equals 47. The message seems clear: Bob is Neo, Neo is Bob. But Bob's got the edge . . . by one digit. In the electric environment, of course, sometimes you only need one digit to have the edge. If the plot of The Matrix is true, and Bob is the real life equivalent of Neo, then I suppose it's appropriate that his message would be limited to publications such as this. The AI wouldn't allow such a dangerous message to be spread on a wider basis, now would it? But that doesn't really matter. As Bob himself says (Interview 5/4/95), "since I'm a holeopathic retrieval, I don't need that many followers." One might extrapolate even further: the fewer followers Bob has, the more powerful he becomes. Endnotes Bob Dobb's book and CDs are available from: AK Press, PO Box 40682, San Francisco CA 94114. His tape list is available by sending two .33 stamps to: Contemporary Communications Conference, 2427 1/2 Glyndon Ave., Venice CA 90291. Further Bob tapes are available from She Who Remembers at 626-287-8254. Bob's home page is http://www.posi-tone.com/BOB.html and he can be e-mailed at purple@ingress.com. Bob has had a regular column in Flipside magazine since issue #96 (P.O. Box 60790, Pasadena, CA 91116). He is currently presenting selections from his private diaries under the general title "Android Meme's Xenochrony." The selections extend as far back as the early 1930s and feature conversations with such historically important figures as Reinhard Gehlen, Alexander Haig, Mae Brussell, Marshall McLuhan, and many others. In the March/April 1999 Flipside (#117) you'll find a transcribed dialogue between Dobbs and McLuhan that perfectly sums up the basic plot of The Matrix. McLuhan says to Dobbs: "I once wrote an article, 'The Southern Quality.' back in 1946 or 1947 where I explained why there was no human life on this planet. Since then human beings have been grown inside programmed media-environments that are essentially like test tubes. That's why I say the kids today live mythically." (Dobbs, Flipside 38). What's perhaps most amazing is this: the date of the entry is May 2, 1967. McLuhan prefigured the current trend in popular films (David Croenberg's eXistenZ and Josef Rusnak's The Thirteenth Floor being further extensions of the virtual reality motif) well over thirty years ago, and Dobbs just happened to release the transcribed conversation for an international audience only a few weeks before The Matrix premiered! This is where synchronicity gives way to "xenochrony," an esoteric term best defined simply by reading Bob's on-going column in Flipside. Phatic Communion With Bob Dobbs is an epyllion (a miniepic) that reads like a postmodern version of the Eddaic Verses, the Old Norse mythological poems that conveyed esoteric religious information through breathless dialogues between the gods. The book consists of "verbal duels" between Lyndon LaRouche and Marshall McLuhan, LaRouche and William Irwin Thompson, LaRouche and Bob Dobbs, Arthur Kroker and Dobbs, then concludes with Dobbs' subsumption of the entire narrative. Oddly enough, the Eddaic poems always ended with the death of one of the interlocutors. In Bob's book, however, all of the interlocutors die except for Bob! Send mail to alhidell@aol.com with questions or comments about this web site. Copyright 1999 Paranoia: The Conspiracy Reader Last modified: January 11, 2000 --------------------------------------------------------------------- http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/matrix.txt <- READ & WAKE the F*CK UP !!! ------------------- http://www.truthbeknown.com http://www.truthbeknown.com/origins.htm for footnotes etc. "Did you go yourself and examine this, or how do you know?" [Socrates 469 - 399 B.C.E.]. 3."The history of the world is the history of fanaticism. " 4."Every man prefers belief to the exercise of judgment, says Seneca". [Seneca the Younger 4 B.C.E.? - 65 C.E.]. 5."the faithful gain prestige through managing to believe even more ridiculous things than their rivals succeed in believing. " 8. "Faith is that quality which enables us to believe what we know to be untrue. " ["The Omnibus Boners"]. 11. "It may be that in some cases the two great impulses of reliance and defiance have become assimilated. The ascetic ["believer"] who subjects himself utterly to the will of his god may simultaneously be seeking the power that derives from his omnipotent ally. If the same belief or delusion permits in this way the simultaneous resolution of both impulses, then the force of both will be combined. This may explain the tremendous strength of religious conviction. The will to power and the will to submission are perfectly combined in submission to omnipotence. " 12. "This is the big one, my friends. This is where we find out which is stronger--the intelligence you were born with, or a lifetime of brainwashing. You can make it. I did. " #################################################### THE FOLLOWING SHOCKING ADMISSION is from Sherman Skolnick: [who happens to be JEWISH and a friend] --------------------------------------- Another very deep, dark secret of the 20th Century, is how some Chief Rabbis---certainly not all of them---operated in countries around Nazi Germany. In Poland, for example, these purported holymen were the community bankers. The ordinary people not having local banks available, such as in the U.S., they entrusted them with their money and valuables. And these Chief Rabbis, too often, told their people, after the invasion by the Germans, after 1939, "Shush, quiet, say nothing, get on the train. The Germans want you to work on the farm". The ordinary Jews were fed these fairy tales. The trains took them to places like Auschwitz where many perished, having been worked to death as slave laborers for I.G. Farben and other Nazi indusry. Some concentration camp survivors I have known in Chicago have given me eyewitness accounts. They claim the grandchildren of these Chief Rabbis are big dealers in real estate and other businesses in the Chicago-area, with the treasures stolen by their Chief Rabbi grandfathers from fellow Jews, who naively believed what they were told, and got on the train "for the farm". "You know who they are! Sue them! Expose them! The hour is late. You are 80 years old. What are you waiting for?" I have pleaded. My offer to volunteer my expertise on legal research has so far not been answered or accepted. In vain, I want this particular Great Secret of the 20th Century to be a matter of undisputed court record. --->>>>>> sounds like someone needs to RECORD ALL this INFO by ANY legal means before those in the know take this knowledge to the tomb. This is CRITICAL INFO corroborating the dirty secret of jewish creation of nazism, as in Eichmann being Jewish, Hitler being half Jewish, Goebbels being 100% Sephardic Jewish etc etc see webpage: http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/hitlerfounderofisrael.html ______ Since 1958, Mr.Skolnick has been a court reformer. Since 1963, founder/chairman, Citizen's Committee to Clean Up the Courts, disclosing certain instances of judicial and other bribery and political murders. Since 1991 a regular panelist, and since 1995, moderator/producer, of one-hour,weekly public access Cable TV Show, "Broadsides", Cablecast on Channel 21, 9 p.m. each Monday in Chicago. For a heavy packet of printed stories, send $5.00 [U.S. funds] and a stamped, self-addressed business sized envelope [4-1/4 x 9-1/2 #10 size] WITH THREE STAMPS ON IT, to Citizen's Committee to Clean Up the Courts, Sherman H. Skolnick, Chairman, 9800 South Oglesby Ave., Chicago IL 60617-4870. Office, 7 days, 8 a.m. to midnight, (773) 375-5741 [PLEASE, no "just routine calls]. Before sending FAX, call. http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/solomonbush.html http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/const/devilsdictionary.txt ******************************************************************* Order One Nation Under Israel http://www.whtt.org/onui.htm http://www.gsgbooks.com -- http://www.waco-anewrevelation.com 800-277-9802 or 877-GETWACO COLT 1-800-962-2658 860-244-1449 FAX, use http://www.fax4free.com more files @ PARENT URL: http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/coltzilkha ------------------------------------------------------ http://www.waco93.com http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/ADL.WACO http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/gold.east.timor.txt <- GOLD ALERT JESSIE "The REAL DEAL" VENTURA for PRESIDENT- WRITE HIM IN !!! 1-888-99-ISRAEL OUR TAXES paying for FREE TRIPS to ISRAEL ??? http://www.israelexperience.org ANTI-CHRISTIAN JEWISH SCAM ? or ANTI-JEWISH ROMAN SCAM ? YOU BE the JUDGE http://members.tripod.com/ReuchlinA/ <- PISO WEB SITE http://vvv.gh.wh.uni-dortmund.de/illuminati <- GREAT SITE TAKE YOUR KIDS HUNTING SO YOU DONT HAVE TO HUNT FOR YOUR KIDS http://www.tnugent.com 1-800-343-HUNT NUGE's FREE HUNTING CATALOG http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/nuge4president.html http://TEAMINFINITY.COM/~ralph/howtodefeatright/AAA_TOC.html <-SECRETS of LEFT http://TEAMINFINITY.COM/~ralph/brutalrefuttal.html <-BRUTAL REFUTTAL of PISO ? Your comments requested: ralph@TeamInfinity.com ---------- END BRITISH INTELLIGENCE LOGO IMAGE, note the EYE of HORUS http://vvv.gh.wh.uni-dortmund.de/illuminati/mi5logo.gif http://www.nato.int [check out that root domain name of .int] THE WELL RESPECTED JEWISH PROFESOR ISRAEL SHAHAK on JEWISH HISTORY http://abbc.com/islam/english/books/jewhis/jewhis1.htm ANTI-CHRISTIAN JEWISH SCAM ? or ANTI-JEWISH ROMAN SCAM ? YOU BE the JUDGE http://members.tripod.com/ReuchlinA/ <- PISO WEB SITE BEST MOVIE I HAVE EVER SEEN on "CIVIL" WAR http://www.sound.net/~placer/aocp/war.html _________________________________________________________ http://www.davidicke.com Get his book, one of the GREATEST BOOKS of ALL TIME to reach out to the NewAgers with, entitled: "...And the Truth Shall Set you Free" http://www.amazon.com << END COMMUNIQUE #2274 >> TALK about TREPCA TODAY ! http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/trepca Your thoughts, pro or con are invited, we only want the truth... Thanks, ralph@TeamInfinity.com __________________________________________________ Attached is an email from Gov. Gary Johnson of New Mexico. A few months ago we contacted him because we agree with his pro Rights, pro legalization of all drugs as THE alternative to the fallatious War on Drugs. Which has been nothing more than a War on All of our Rights. We are at the threshold of regaining many of our freedoms by dismantling the whole War machine that has been built up. Its pretty cool to be able to connect with some one such as Gov. Johnson because of our Music. It has allowed us to meet many great Americans across this land of ours. In our new release 'Sex, Lies and Politiks' we again have a message to the Poltitically Correct about the abuses of our rights. Just thought we'd pass this little morsel along. We are being heard, and by those who can help change the paradigm to our way of belief and that is one of FREEDOM. be well Paul http://www.pokerface.com/slpsongs.html preview of the disc http://www.pokerface.org our Political sister site Subject: Date: Thu, 17 Feb 2000 17:46:01 -0700 From: "Hickok, Shannon" To: "'pokerface@pokerface.com'" Dear Paul: Thank you for your letter, the cd and for your email. Congratulations on the release of your new C.D. I hope it is a success. I appreciated your words of support and encouragement. The war on drugs is a miserable failure and I believe that legalization is a viable alternative to the status quo. The more I discuss this issue the more I realize how many people there are who agree. Thanks again for your input. I wish you the best! Sincerely, Gary E. Johnson Governor _________________________________ good piece on Haider. read for yourself and turn off the stupid box for your lamestream lies... paul http://www.truthinmedia.org/Bulletins2000/tim2000-2-4.html Truth in Media Global Watch Bulletins TiM GW Bulletin 2000/2-4 Feb. 14, 2000 The European Union Stands Divided... Haiderbash Is On! Democracy Is Off! Austria - Leftist Europe's Newest "Pariah State?" Not a Jews vs. Gentiles Issue, But a Left vs. Right Clash FROM PHOENIX, ARIZONA Topic: EUROPEAN AFFAIRS HEADLINES Phoenix 1. Haiderbash Is On! Democracy Is Off! Austria - Leftist Europe’s Newest “Pariah State?” Jerusalem 2. Jews for Haider I (by Barry Chamish) Israel 3. Jews for Haider II (by Yehuda Poch) Amsterdam 4. Euros against Haider (by Herman de Tollenaere) -------------- 1. Haiderbash Is On! Democracy Is Off! Austria - Leftist Europe’s Newest “Pariah State?” PHOENIX, Feb. 14 – Haiderbash is on, democracy is off, and Austria has replaced Serbia as Europe’s “pariah state,” according to the “liberal” governments and media. And just think… all that is happening on Valentine’s Day! J European governments are in a hysterical frenzy over the Austrian populist Joerg Haider’s ascension to power. By trying to punish the Austrian voters for having given Haider’s Freedom Party 27% of the popular vote last October, the European Union (EU) is proving that democracy comes a distant second to the dictatorship of its “liberal” (read left wing) values (also see “European Union Capital Exports”). Nor is the EU alone in its contempt for voters’ freedom of choice. The U.S. government has recalled its ambassador from Austria for “consultations” at the State Department, immediately after Israel had done the same. And the “liberal” New York Times published an editorial on Feb. 4 whose headline said it all about how un-liberal its editors really are. “An Unwelcome Austrian Government,” the Times declared, as if it had the right to decide what’s best for Austrians. The New York daily followed its editorial which could have been written by one of the Soviet-era writers with another piece today (Feb. 14), headlined, “As the Pariah of Europe, Austria Seems Unbowed.” It noted that France, Belgium and tiny Andorra boycotted a speech in Vienna last Thursday by the new Austrian foreign minister. The next day, Austria's new social affairs minister was allowed to attend a meeting on unemployment in Lisbon (are you getting the Times and the EU arrogance, they “allowed” one of their members to attend an EU meeting?). “But only the Portuguese host would shake her hand, and the others refused to pose for the usual ministerial family photo,” the Times said. “Later, the German minister seemed to regret his rudeness, while the Belgian and French ministers, who also walked out during her speech, reveled in theirs.” Meanwhile, Bavaria broke with Berlin over isolating its Alpine neighbor, Italy's provinces around Trieste, abutting Austria, criticized Rome, and Greece and Denmark are already skeptical, the Times said. And even the royalty and glamorous stars got into the act. Prince Charles postponed a planned summer visit to Austria, and the Italian actress Claudia Cardinale said she would not attend the Opera Ball, the height of the Vienna social season. But Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands took her annual Austrian skiing vacation as she has for 30 years. So a fine mess Europe got itself into. Amid all the madness, however, some saner voices can be heard. Jacob Heilbrunn, a Washington-based writer, noted in an OpEd piece published by the Wall Street Journal on Feb. 4 that, “The EU, Not Haider, Threatens Austrian Democracy.” And in Israel, two writers also displayed attitudes which are more level-headed that those of their government. We don’t necessarily agree with everything they say, but we bring you their pieces in full because we think that the TiM readers will always benefit from a diversity of viewpoints. Unlike the attitudes of the EU, U.S. or Israeli governments, or the “liberal” American media, who always seem to think that they know what’s best for their voters and readers. 2. Jews for Haider I (by Barry Chamish) JERUSALEM, Feb. 9 - To the TiM readers, the Israeli journalist, Barry Chamish, needs no introduction. So we’ll just let you go right to his opinion piece: “Once again the mostly gentile powers that be of the New World Order have set up Jews for a fall in Europe. The last time, they placed Jews like Rubin, Cohen, Berger and Albright (whether she recalls it or not) in the visible front line of the atrocities committed against Serbs during the Kosovo War. This time they have us leading the unpopular international protest against the legitimately elected Austrian Freedom Party leader Joerge Haider. Haider's real "crimes" are that he is anti-EU, anti-NATO, anti-Euro and anti-immigration, a fine package that makes him anti-New World Order. So the Jewish sympathy card has been pulled out to bring him down. Some naive Jews have been sucked in by the organized media barrage against Haider and are playing along. The vast majority are entirely apathetic to Austrian politics, Haider notwithstanding. But the latter will face the same resentment for interfering with a sovereign nation's political choice as the former. The process is called, creating anti-Semitism. The methods are well known and all are being applied to this issue. Let me state early on that the Austrians are my least favorite people in the world. They were the most vehement of all Nazis and I will never forget the images of Jews being forced to clean the streets of Vienna with their tongues. My good friend, the Orthodox rabbi Mitchell Herczeg, tells me that the only country in the world today where he has felt an overall hatred towards him is Austria and others who enter the place in Orthodox garb say the same thing. There isn't nearly enough regret in Austria for its crimes against my people. That said, the campaign against Haider has nothing to do with me as a Jew. The fact that a proud Jew is a Freedom Party parliamentary member makes a mockery of Haider's alleged anti-Semitism in the first place. I am satisfied with his apology for past remarks that could have been construed as pro-nazi... He didn't have to apologize, he did It's enough for me... as I am with his public request to visit Israel to set matters straight. He's welcome in my country, as far as I'm concerned. He does not represent Europe's real threat to Israel, which comes from the very people attacking him. It has been Europe's socialists and Left which have been Israel's most dedicated enemies for over a generation. It was the Jewish leader of the Socialist International, the longtime Austrian President Bruno Kreisky, who led the campaign against Israel worldwide during the 1970s and 80s. It was he who constantly demeaned the honorable Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, calling him such memorable epitaphs as, "a village shopkeeper." The real anti-Semites in Europe are Robin Cooke, who let his true feelings out during recent visits to Israel and Gaza; the French Foreign Ministry, led by the notorious Roland Dumas, which has been secretly colluding with Syria for the past decade to remove Israel from the Golan Heights, Israeli security be damned; it is the Italian Communist Party, which has excused and applauded Arab terrorism against Jews for the past thirty years; and so on. Those who despise Haider despise Israel and that is no coincidence. That they are using Israel and the Jews to spearhead their plan to undermine, then overthrow him, is no less a coincidence. So far, I have not come across one pro-PLO or pro-Syrian comment by Haider. But the few concerned Austrians roused to protest him, are of the style and type who would justify any Arab bloodshed against my country. If, God forbid, I had to make such a choice, I would trust my country's future more in Haider's hands than those of his most vocal opponents. So why must my people be so cynically used, and why must the weakling leader of Israel, Ehud Barak, be placed at the forefront of the anti-Haider movement by his superiors in Europe and America? It all comes down to immigration. My friend Joel Bainerman has made two trips to Holland in the past year, and he is visiting there right now. He told me that the same incident occurred over and over again to him. He would be walking with his Dutch business associates, they would pass groups of East Asian or African immigrants and they would say, "In twenty years there won't be a Dutch people anymore. Two thousand years of nation-building will be gone in a generation." If one's goal is to destroy nations in order to build a one continent, then a one world government, attacking the very genetic foundations of the nations' peoples is the best way to go about things. What will follow will be the inevitable loss of harmony, patriotism, language and culture. To assure that the plan goes through unobstructed, those who express fear of the situation, of the loss of their national integrity, are branded racist. An organized media will wreck the reputation of any person honest enough to express his misgivings about over-immigration, and Haider will remain a lesson for any future public figure, no matter how unbigoted and sincere; if he dares question immigration policy, he will be equated with Hitler in every nation on the planet. Haider is no ignorant skinhead; 27% of a well-educated nation voted for him and the more Israel and the Jews fight him, the more his popularity will rise...and the more Europeans will resent my people for butting in where they don't belong.” Barry Chamish, e-mail: chamish@netvision.net.il 3. Jews for Haider II (by Yehuda Poch) ISRAEL, Feb. 7 - Yehuda Poch is another Israeli journalist who does not seem to fall for the general hysteria about Joerg Haider and Austria. Here is his opinion piece, which was forwarded to us by a Jewish TiM reader from Houston: “I have to hand it to Aharon Dov Halperin. Whenever thinking Jews need a reality check he is on hand to provide it. Take this week for instance. Israel is justly slapping itself on the back in congratulation for leading the world in its condemnation of Austria's new political kingmaker, Joerg Haider. When the results of the Austrian elections last October gave Haider's party the balance of power, Israel's reaction was quick and firm: Participation by Haider in any form in the Austrian government would mean the cessation of diplomatic relations between Israel and Austria. And when Haider signed the coalition agreement last week, Israel's Ambassador was home within 3 hours. All this, just because Haider uttered a few words in admiration of Hitler more than ten years ago, and because his party is anti-immigrant, and therefore, racist. Israeli Foreign Minister David Levy and, to a certain extent, Prime Minister Ehud Barak, can take immense pride in this position and in its swift and decisive execution. After all, as we have seen repeatedly throughout history, racist attitudes and words can lead to racist actions, and Israel must be the country that leads in anti-racist policies given the history of the Jewish nation. This is especially true in Austria, which produced Hitler, which gave birth to the Nazi movement, and which has had former Nazi Kurt Waldheim serve as its President. Indeed, Israel's lead has been followed by the rest of the world, with both the United States and the European Union re-examining their ties to Austria with an eye toward downgrading those ties to the extent that Haider takes part in the government. For though his party is a coalition partner, he himself remains outside the cabinet due to the Israeli-initiated pressure. What puzzles me though, and what I credit Mr. Halperin for pointing out, is that rather than leadership and resolve, Israel's actions lay bare the fundamental hypocrisy of the attitudes upon which this government is based. Notice which politicians took the lead in demanding Israel's response to Haider: David Levy, and Meretz Cabinet Minister Ran Cohen. Neither is exactly the ideological guardian of Jewish national pride or tenacity in the face of adversity. The sources one would expect to demand such a feisty response from Israel -- the political right and the Zionist grass roots -- have taken a back seat in this issue, and it is little wonder. Haider is not the problem. A few words uttered a decade ago, for which he has apologized, and which he has recently recanted in a written pledge, are not going to do damage to Jews, and certainly not the Jewish population in Israel. Anti-Semitism is not what drives Joerg Haider. Haider's problem is immigration, regardless who the immigrants are. Jews in the Diaspora are perpetual immigrants, and they feel threatened by an anti-immigration party in the State that produced Nazism. This is legitimate. But Israel, which was supposed to spell the end of the Wandering Jew, should not be reacting so forcefully to what is actually the internal decision of a democratic electorate. Indeed, Austria does not attract that many Jewish immigrants. Far more numerous are the Arab immigrants attracted to Austria by a healthy and vibrant economy and proximity to the Arab world. Indeed, Arabs are more threatened by Haider's racism than are Jews. What we see, though, is the Israeli left, where the mindset of the Wandering Jew has never really been ejected, reacting from the gut when the Wandering Jew is threatened. Zionists, for whom Israel is home, and for whom the Wandering Jew is no more than an important history lesson, should not react at all. Rather than react so forcefully to a threat that is perceived through words uttered long ago, and which may or may not materialize into actual racist policy which may or may not lead to actual ethnic cleansing in Austria, Israel should be more concerned with showing its national pride and steadfastness against the real anti-Semites of the world. Rather than pay so much attention to Haider the Nazi sympathizer, Israel should be leading the world in isolating and eliminating the real murderers of Jewish children next to whom Haider is a relative angel of mercy. But instead, the very same David Levy, Ehud Barak, and Ran Cohen rush with glee to bestow gifts of righteousness at the feet of Yasser Arafat, the man with more Jewish blood on his hands than anyone since Hitler. And they rush even faster to bestow gifts of honor at the feet of Syrian dictator Hafez Assad, who is capable of killing 20,000 of his own people while drinking his morning coffee, and who for 30 years has employed a defense minister who works on the side translating The Protocols of the Elders of Zion into Arabic. The Syrian media is daily rife with anti-Semitic diatribe and vitriol, and Arafat's henchmen have now taken the audacious attitude that if Israel doesn't abandon exactly the land tracts they want, they will return to killing Jewish children and blowing up commuter busses. Israel's response to Austria is not as righteous as it seems. The Israeli media is shouting from the rooftops that Israel has issued the correct response to anti-Semitism. But where are the real anti-Semites, and how is Israel responding to them?” Yehuda Poch is a journalist in Israel. 4. A Counterpoint: Euros against Haider (by Herman de Tollenaere) AMSTERDAM, Feb. 12 - While some Jewish writers in Israel, such as Chamish and Poch, analyze the Haider phenomenon coolly and rationally, the TiM reader from Netherlands, Herman de Tollenaere, sends us this report about the protests in Amsterdam, which seem to be guided by a lot more passion than reason: “The demonstration had been organized at very short notice. Yet, on Friday 11 February, hundreds of people gathered on the Dam, the main square in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, to protest against racism, especially that of Jörg Haider's extreme Right FPÖ government party in Austria. First, a member of the movement against the Balkan war spoke. "There already was an anti-racist and anti-Haider movement when the big media and official politicians were still silent." When Haider and his co-government coalitionist Schüssel, were the Number One cheerleaders in Austria for NATO's war against Yugoslavia, wanting to betray Austria's official neutrality, not one of the Western big media and official politicians complained. We will not trust Mrs Albright-Halfbright on Austria; as we can see her Balkans policy of war. Haider's foreign affairs NATO militarism has a link to his home affairs racism. For Yugoslavs are the biggest group of foreigners in Austria. Haider banned Slowenian children in Carinthia from learning their own language at school [though the Slowenian language has a longer history in Carinthia than German has]. Haider opposes Serbo-Croatian in Austria. Is NATO occupied Kosovo his inspiration here? There, it is extremely dangerous for people to speak Serbo-Croatian, Slowenian, or Bulgarian now. All Jews were driven out of Kosovo after NATO/KFOR came. Haider might like that in Austria too. Dutch neo-Nazis, encouraged by Haider's party joining the Austrian government, now put up pro-Haider posters. These are the same people who in 1999 tried (unsuccessfully) to break up anti-Balkan war meetings in The Netherlands. And whose predecessors in 1940-1945, when Hitler occupied The Netherlands, joined his SS against the Soviet Union, and against Balkans partisans. If the Dutch government really wants to help our anti-Haider action, they may, for a start, stop to put refugees into jails, as if they were criminals. They may stop the Dutch military in Orahovac, Kosovo, now violating the human rights of Serbian and Roma civilians, driven into a ghetto, every day. Also, a co-organizer of the Amsterdam demonstration said that it had "absolutely nothing to do with the hypocrisy of the European Union and US government politicians" on Austria. Lisa, an Austrian university student, also spoke. She told of the daily big anti-government demonstrations in Vienna and elsewhere. The big applause she got from the audience confirmed that, as the organizers said, this demonstration opposed not by any means the Austrian people; but Haider and his racism, his militarism, wanting Austria to join NATO, and his antisocial economics. It was about helping the people in Austria to get rid of this government. Then, the demonstrators marched to the Austrian consulate, with banners and shouting slogans. Both participants and passersby eagerly accepted the leaflets, containing information on Haider and on the anti-Balkan war movement. An elderly Asian lady, and elderly Asian gentleman, came rushing enthusiastically from the sidewalk to get more leaflets. The demonstrators had a discussion with the Austrian ambassador to The Netherlands outside the consulate's front door. Again, they emphasized: "We are NOT against the Austrian people; however, we ARE against Haider's party's racism." Then, they marched back to the city centre. The next demonstration will be Friday 18 February, 3 o'clock, also on Dam Square in Amsterdam.” Herman de Tollenaere, Netherlands --- TiM Ed.: If the diversity of views expressed above illustrates anything at all, besides revealing the farce of a European “unity,” it is that Haider has not unleashed the Jews. vs. Gentiles feelings. He has polarized the left vs. right in Europe and around the world. As Jacob Heilbrunn points out in his Wall Street Journal piece, “for decades, the (European) right was artificially suppressed” during the Cold War era. “Now a new generation of populists is shaking up the Continent… The spectacle of corrupt European governments lecturing Austria is risible… They need do make Europe more, not less, democratic. However bad it may be for Mr. Haider to gain power, keeping him out undemocratically would be worse.” Indeed. Also, check out... “European Union Capital Exports”, and "Toward a New Multipolar World of the 21st Century" Feedback: Back to Home: Also, check out... Death of the City, Cavorting with the Enemy (Albright), Toward a new Multipolar World in the New Millennium, Albright's State, Soros' Estate, NWO "Liberals" Cancel Christmas, Stitching Together the New World Order Flag, Chinese Embassy; Slovakia; bin Laden and Bosnia, Criminals Return to Scene of Their Crimes, "Buchanan Jumps GOP Ship," "Services-based Economy Means Cheaper Labor," Truth in Media Statement on the Kosovo War, "Wither Dayton, Sprout New War?", "On the Brink of Madness", "Tragic Deja Vu's," "Seven U.S. Senators Suggest Ouster of Milosevic", "Biting the Hand That Feeds You", "A Balkan Affairs Potpourri", "Put the U.N. Justice on Trial", "International Justice 'Progresses' from Kidnapping to Murder", "Milosevic: 'A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery'...", "Kosovo Lie Allowed to Stand", "New World Order's Inquisition in Bosnia", "Kosovo Heating Up", "Decani Monastery Under Siege?", "Murder on Wall Street", "Kosovo: 'Bosnia II', Serbia's Aztlan", "What If the Shoe Were on the Other Foot?", "Serb WW II General Exhonerated by British Archives," "Green Interstate - Not Worth American Lives", "An American Hero or Actor of the Year?" (A June '95 TiM story) and/or "Clinton arme secrètement les musulmans bosniaques", "Kocevje: Tito's Greatest Crime?", "Perfidious Albion Strikes Again, Aided by Uncle Sam", "Lift the Sanctions, Now!" (1993) Or Djurdjevic's WASHINGTON TIMES columns: "Chinese Dragon Wagging Macedonian Tail," "An Ugly Double Standard in Kosovo Conflict?", "NATO's Bullyboys", "Kosovo: Why Are We Involved?", and "Ginning Up Another Crisis" Or Djurdjevic's NEW DAWN magazine columns: "Washington's Crisis Factory," and "A New Iron Curtain Over Europe" ___________________________________ enjoy.... paul http://www.pokerface.com/slpsongs.html http://www.universitylake.org/primarysources.html A TREASURY OF PRIMARY DOCUMENTS Primary Source Documents Pertaining to Early American History An invaluable collection of historical works which contributed to the formation of American politics, culture, and ideals The following is a massive collection of the literature and documents which were most relevant to the colonists' lives in America. If it isn't here, it probably is not available online anywhere. If the documents on this site interest you and you appreciate this collection, please consider this book. ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE (500 B.C.-1800 A.D.) (Use Your Browser's FIND Function to Search this Library) 500 B.C. - 500 A.D. 500 A.D - 1500 1500 - 1600 1600 - 1700 1700 -1800 Classical Literature Having Significant Influence Upon the American Colonists Classic Philosophers and Poets, Most of the founding fathers in America were thorougly familiar with these Greco-Roman authors: e.g., Aristotle, Plato, Cicero, Virgil. Ancient and Medieval Classics, The Great Books of Western Civilization now available online. These writings provide the European framework of the cultural backdrop in which America was established. The Latin Library, (Cicero, Livy, Horace, etc.) Ability to read these sources extemporaneously was an entrance requirement at colonial schools such as Harvard. The Vulgate, The Holy Bible in Latin. The Bible, The best Bible online, which allows the user to immediately discover the Hebrew and Greek words behind the English words. The Bible, This book was, of course, the most influential piece of literature in Colonial America. St. Augustine, The church father of choice among American Puritans. St. Augustine, English translations of his works on predestination which greatly influenced the Puritans. Major Medieval Sources Having Significant Influence Upon the American Colonists Gregorian Reforms Instituted by William the Conqueror Sowing the seeds of separation of Church and State in the English world. Laws of William the Conqueror Constitutions of Clarendon (1164) Established rights of laymen and the church in England. Assize of Clarendon (1166) Defined rights and duties of courts and people in criminal cases. Foundation of the principle of "due process." Assize of Arms (1181) Defined rights and duties of people and militias. Magna Carta (1215) One of the American colonists' most revered documents, the Magna Carta established the principle that no one, not even the king or a lawmaker, is above the law. De Legibus Et Consuetudinibus Angliæ, Henry de Bracton (1268) This text was the most important legal treatise written in England in the medieval period as it organized, systematized, and explicated the principles of English Common Law later embraced by the American colonists. Summa Theologica, St. Thomas Aquinas (1265-1273) Pinnacle of Scholasticism. Covering a wide range of topics, by the colonial times, most educated people in the Western world were thoroughly familiar with this important text. Marco Polo's Travels [excerpt] (@1300), the description of the South Pacific which inspired Columbus to attempt to go to India by way of the Atlantic. The First Manual of Parliamentary Procedure (@ 1350) An English Law Library, The sources studied by many of the lawyers who founded the U.S. The Declaration of Arbroath (1320) Scotland's declaration of independence from England. An early model for the U.S. Declaration, this document ends with a phrase parallel to that of the U.S. Declaration: "and to Him as the Supreme King and Judge we commit the maintenance of our cause, casting our cares upon Him and firmly trusting that He will inspire us with courage and bring our enemies to nought." Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Sources Profoundly Impacting the History of America Malleus Maleficarum, Directions for witch hunting (1486) Journal, Christopher Columbus, (1492). This document begins with Columbus' statement that the reason why Isabella sponsored his voyage was for the sake of going to India to convert Khan to Roman Catholicism. Epistola De Insulis Nuper Inventis, Christopher Columbus (1493) Letter to the King and Queen of Spain, Christopher Columbus (1494) Prince Henry VII's Commission to John Cabot (1497) Cabot was the first Englishman to discover New England. The Prince, Machiavelli (1513) Practical advice on governance and statecraft, with thoughts on the kinds of problems any government must be able to solve to endure. Works of Martin Luther, The father of the Protestant Reformation, his principles were a major part of the American colonists' worldview. On Secular Authority, Luther (1523). This document started the political discussion about religious liberty which led to the American Revolution. In this document Luther sets forth the idea of "two kingdoms," one is political and the other is spiritual, and the two ought be separate. President James Madison commended this "due distinction, to which the genius and courage of Luther led the way, between what is due to Caesar and what is due to God." (Madison to F.L. Schaeffer, December 3, 1821). The Bondage of the Will, Luther (1524). Luther claimed that this particular document was the cornerstone of the Protestant Reformation; it argues the idea of predestination and God's sovereignty, two principles which were paramount to many of the American colonists. The Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII (1534). By this act, the English Reformation began, and the pope was stripped of his jurisdiction over the English Church. This allowed Lutheran principles to make their way into the English church, and led to the birth of Puritanism. Institutes of the Christian Religion, John Calvin (1540). Calvin's magnum opus. The most celebrated American historian, George Bancroft, called Calvin "the father of America," and added: "He who will not honor the memory and respect the influence of Calvin knows but little of the origin of American liberty." To John Calvin and the Genevan theologians, President John Adams credited a great deal of the impetus for religious liberty (Adams, WORKS, VI:313). This document includes a justification for rebellion to tyrants by subordinate government officials; this particular justification was at the root of the Dutch, English, and American Revolutions. The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza De Vaca (1542) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, Copernicus (1543). This document touched off the Scientific Revolution as it repudiated the Geocentric theory and asserted a Heliocentric theory of the solar system. The Council of Trent (1545) The Roman Catholic responses to the Protestant Reformation. A Short Treatise on Political Power, John Ponet, D.D. (1556) President John Adams credited this Calvinist document as being at the root of the theory of government adopted by the the Americans. According to Adams, Ponet's work contained "all the essential principles of liberty, which were afterward dilated on by Sidney and Locke" including the idea of a three-branched government. (Adams, Works, vol. 6, pg. 4). Published in Strassbourg in 1556, it is one of the first works out of the Reformation to advocate active resistance to tyrannical magistrates, with the exception of the Magdeburg Bekkentis (the Magdeburg Confession). How Superior Powers Ought to Be Obeyed by Their Subjects, Christopher Goodman (1558). Justifying a Christian's right to resist a tyrannical ruler. Goodman indicated that he had presented the thesis of this book to John Calvin, and Calvin endorsed it. The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women, John Knox (1558). A vigorous critique of the tyranny of "Bloody Mary's" reign in England, and a call to resist. A large portion of the Americans who fought in the American Revolution were adherents to Knox's doctrines as set forth in this document. Act of Supremacy, Elizabeth I (1559). After the brief and bloody reign of her sister, Mary I, who executed numerous Protestants for the cause of Roman Catholicism, this document states Elizabeth's intention to reaffirm the English Church's independence from Rome. Her beloved status among her subjects caused the first settlers of America to name their colony "Virginia" in honor of this virgin queen. Complete Works of Elizabeth I, Including her letters and her poems. Writings and Speeches of Elizabeth I Foxe's Book of Martyrs (1563). Detailing the bloody persecutions of Puritans during the reign of Mary I, this book was second only to the Bible in its popularity in the American colonies. Supralapsarian Calvinism, Theodore Beza (1570) Laying out the principle that God willed and predestined the fall of Adam and the existence of sin and evil. This assertion became the most controversial philosophical conflict among American colonists up through the 19th century. The Scholemaster (1570) Philosophy of Education among English people, particularly with respect to the importance of learning Latin. The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion (1571) The official statement of faith of the Church of England; this document formally adopts the Calvinistic doctrine of predestination and repudiates common notion of "free will." Treasons Act (1571) Forbidding criticism of Queen Elizabeth. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572) The Right of Magistrates Over Their Subjects, Theodore Beza (1574). Expanding upon Calvin's political resistance theory set forth in the final chapters of his Institutes, this work by Calvin's successor in Geneva, Theodore Beza, was published in response to the growing tensions between Protestant and Catholic in France, which culminated in the St. Bartholomew Day Massacre in 1572. This text suggests that it is the right of a Christian to revolt against a tyrannical King: a principle central to the American colonists' cause. Of the Tabaco and of His Greate Vertues, Nicholas Monardes (1577) The Works of Sir Walter Raleigh, Sponsor of the First Settlements in Virginia Vindiciae Contra Tyrannos, or, A Vindication Against Tyrants (1579). This Calvinist document is one of the first to set forth the theory of "social contract" upon which the United States was founded. The idea was disseminated through the English Calvinists to the pen of John Locke, and eventually into the Declaration of Independence. John Adams reported the relevance of this document to the American struggle. The Dutch Declaration of Independence (1581); This Calvinistic document served as a model for the U.S. Declaration of Independence. In his Autobiography, Jefferson indicated that the "Dutch Revolution" gave evidence and confidence to the Second Continental Congress that the American Revolution could likewise commence and succeed. Recent scholarship has has suggested that Jefferson may have consciously drawn on this document. John Adams said that the Dutch charters had "been particularly studied, admired, and imitated in every State" in America, and he stated that "the analogy between the means by which the two republics [Holland and U.S.A.] arrived at independency... will infallibly draw them together." A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia, Thomas Hariot. Discourse of Western Planting, Richard Hakluyt, (1584) Adam Winthrop's Commonplace Book (1586) Early diary of a Puritan whose family eventually settled in America. The Colony of Roanoke, Ralph Lane (1586). The first English attempt at colonizing the New World Return To Roanoake, John White (1590) Relating the surprise of the loss of the Roanoake colony and the few clues left regarding their fate. An Act Against Papists (1593) Parliament's tough words against those who would attempt to depose Elizabeth for her Protestantism. Works of Richard Hooker (1593) Anglican political commentator and major influence upon John Locke. A Trew Law of Free Monarchs, James I Stuart (1598). Championed the doctrine of "Divine Right of Kings." This oppressive political theory contributed to the exodus of the Puritans to America in 1630, and resistance to it was the ultimate goal of three revolutions: 1) the Puritan Revolution of the 1640s, 2) the Glorious Revolution, and 3) the American Revolution. The Dutie of A King, Sir Walter Raleigh (1599) Promoting the doctrine of "Divine Right of Kings." The Geneva Bible, 1599 update of the translation made by the Puritans in Geneva 1560. This was the Bible of choice in New England. These are the footnotes which provide a Calvinistic theological interpretation of the Bible Seventeenth Century Sources Relating to American History Colonial Maps Charters of all the Colonies Original Dictionaries of the 16th & 17th Centuries, six bilingual dictionaries -- John Palsgrave (1530; English-French), Sir Thomas Elyot (1538; Latin- English), William Thomas (1550; Italian-English), Thomas Thomas (1587; Latin-English), John Florio (1598; Italian-English), and Randle Cotgrave (1611; French-English) -- these give pairs of French, Italian, and Latin dictionaries, each pair separated by 50-80 years; four English hard-word dictionaries -- Edmund Coote (1596), Robert Cawdrey (1604; courtesy of Raymond Siemens), John Bullokar (1616), and Henry Cockeram (1623) -- and one English word-list by Richard Mulcaster (1582); the first full English-only dictionary -- Thomas Blount (1656). Queen Elizabeth's Farewell (1601) The Works of King James I Voyages, Samuel de Champlain (1604) Primary Sources Pertaining to the Gunpowder Plot (1605) The First Virginia Charter (1606) Instructions for the Virginia Colony (1606) Works of Francis Bacon, Identified by Jefferson as one of his three most profound influences. Works of Shakespeare The Settlement at Jamestown, John Smith (1607) The Foundation of Quebec, Samuel de Champlain (1608) Full Text of Robert Juet's Journal (1609) The Second Virginia Charter (1609) John Smyth's Confession (1609) the religion of a Baptist. The Church At Jamestown, William Strachey (1610) The Third Virginia Charter (1612) Good News From Virginia, Alexander Whitaker (1613) An Ordinance and Constitution of the Virginia Company in England for a Council Pocahontas, John Smith (1616) The Starving Time, John Smith. Laws of Virginia (1610) Laws in Virginia (1619) Jamestown Laws Indentured Servant's Contract (1619) Works of Arminius Arminius was a Dutchman who dared to challenge Luther and Calvin on the predestination issue. His writings led to a major controversy in Holland while the "Pilgrims" were residing there. Arminius's views were adopted by Archbishop Laud of England, which greatly contributed to the English Calvinists' desire to leave England in 1630. Canons of Dort (1619). The Synod at Dort in the Netherlands was called to respond to the views of the Arminians. Participating in this Synod moderated by Gomarus was the leader of the Pilgrims, as well as William Ames (the leading Puritan theologian of the day). As a result of this synod, the "five points of Calvinism" were developed. The "five points," also called TULIP, became a centerpiece of Puritanism and were ardently defended by American Calvinists such as Jonathan Edwards. The conflict between Calvinists and Arminians was perhaps the most explosive debate in America in the early 18th century. On the Calvinist side, Americans such as Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan Edwards wrote philosophical defenses; on the Arminian side, John Wesley was the premiere mouthpiece. While Madison wrote in defense of Calvinism, Thomas Jefferson utterly repudiated it. Charter of New England (1620) Mayflower Compact (1620). The first political covenant of the New England migration. Of State and General Assembly, 24 July 1621. Of Plymouth Plantation (Written 1630-1654, first published 1854). This is Governor William Bradford's history of Plymouth, the most comprehensive primary source available on early Plymouth. Of Plymouth Plantation, William Bradford. An eyewitness history of the first English settlers of New England. Mourt's Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. (London, 1622). This journal, written by several Pilgrims--namely William Bradford and Edward Winslow--records events at Plymouth from the Mayflower's arrival in November 1620 through the First Thanksgiving in October 1621, and everything in between. The Sin and Danger of Self-Love (1621) There were no clergymen among the pilgrims at Plymouth when they first settled. This sermon was written and given by a layman, Robert Cushman, to the Plymouth congregation in December 1621. Robert Cushman was a member of the Pilgrims church in Leyden, Holland, and came on (and returned in) the ship Fortune. Letters of the Plymouth Settlers Letter of an Indentured Servant (1623) Last Wills and Testaments of the Settlers at Plymouth We can tell a lot about a culture by looking at their wills. Good Newes from New England (London, 1624). This book, authored by Edward Winslow, continues the journal in Mourt's Relation, covering the years 1622 and 1623 at Plymouth. An Appeal for War Against Spain (1624) Of the Law of War and Peace, Hugo Grotius (1625, Latin) One of the first works on international law. Account of the Purchase of Manhattan (1626) The source of the $24 dollar legend. The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, Sir Edward Coke (1628) Written by a Puritan leader of Parliament, this document was almost the only textbook for lawyers (e.g., Jefferson) during the American Colonial Period. Coke's influence over the minds of American politicians is inestimable. Clear traces between Coke and the U.S. Constitution are apparent in this work. The Petition of Right, Sir Edward Coke (1628). This document set forth complaints of the members of Parliament to King Charles I regarding rights of due process. Charles did not receive this complaint warmly. As a result, Charles I shut down Parliament, which ultimately culminated in the English Civil War, and contributed to the exodus of 20,000 Puritans to New England. Protests of the House of Commons, Documents showing the growth of Parliament's hatred for King Charles I, first complaining against his closet Catholicism, his Arminianism, and his presumptuousness in levying taxes without the consent of Parliament. Experiencia, John Winthrop. A Journal of Religious Experiences. The Salem Covenant (1629) Charter of Massachusetts Bay (1629). This document sets forth the Puritans' commission in New England. The Library of John Winthrop's Father, A catalogue of the books available for the Puritan Laywer who founded Boston. Pratt's Memoir of the Wessagussett Plantation, (1622/23) Reasons for the Plantation in New England (circa 1628). This document states clearly and forcefully that the motivations of the Puritans who came to New England @ 1630 were fundamentally religious. Adventurers who founded the Massachusetts Bay Commonwealth (1628-1630) A Short and True Description of New England, by the Rev. Francis Higginson (1629) The Cambridge Agreement among the leaders of the settlement (1629) History of the First Settlements as told by Capt. John Smith, Admiral of New England (1629) The Constitution of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay (1629) Medulla Theologica (The Marrow of Theology), William Ames (1629). The Medulla was the principal required textbook in the Ivy League in the American Colonial Period. One cannot adequately grasp the intellectual climate of New England without understanding the concepts in this book. The following two sections on the Decrees of God and Predestination highlight the central peculiarities of Puritan theology. Ames was unequivocal in stating that God controls the universe and that humans do not "change" or "determine" God's behavior in any way. The Marrow of Theology, William Ames (1629), Excerpts. A Model of Christian Charity by John Winthrop (1630). A sermon preached aboard one of the ships carrying the Puritans to New England. The Boston Covenant (1630) The Watertown Covenant (1630) The Humble Request of the Puritan emigrants (1630) The Oath of a Freeman, including a list of men who took this oath (1630-36) Advertisements to Planters of New England, by Capt. John Smith (1631) Advertisements, continued, by Capt. John Smith (1631) Letter to William Pond (1631) The Indictment of Galileo (1633) The height of the conflict between religion and science. The Glorious Work in Maryland, Andrew White, S.J. (1633) Excerpts From Lion Gardiner's Journal (1635) The Constitution of Plymouth Colony (1636) The Salem Covenant (1636) The Dedham Covenant (1636) Winthrop's Testimony (1636), the Boston Governor's account of his Christian experience. John Cotton Condemns Democracy (1636) Transcript of The Trial of Anne Hutchinson (1636) Revels in New Canaan, Thomas Morton (1637) Description of Indians, Thomas Morton (1637) Officers of the Commonwealth from 1630 to 1686. Freemen of the Commonwealth: the complete rolls from 1630 to 1636. Sermons of Thomas Shephard Letter of Thomas Shephard to his son at Harvard College Residents of New Towne, (later called Cambridge) from the original town Court records, 1632-1635, alphabetized. The Memoir of Capt. Roger Clapp (1609 -1691) Events in Massachusetts Bay Colony to about the year 1640. The National Covenant (1639) Scotland's declaration of resistance to Charles I. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) The first written constitution in America. The New Hampshire Compact (1639) The Exeter Covenant (1639) Description of New England Indians, William Wood (1639) John Winthrop's Journal, John Winthrop (excerpts), Tremendous and valuable insights into the mind of the Puritan leader. The Wicked Capitalism of Robert Keayne, John Winthrop (1639) A merchant named Robert Keayne was practicing capitalistic economics in Boston and was squarely rebuked for it by John Cotton and Governor Winthrop. Laws Regulating the Price of Tobacco in Virginia (1639-40) A Brief Discourse Concerning the Power of Peers, John Selden (1640) The Bay Psalm Book (1640) With an Introduction written by Richard Mather. New England's First Fruits, The first written history regarding the founding of Harvard College (@1640) Court Records of Springfield, Massachusetts, Including information about crimes and punishments. Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641) Early written expression of the liberties asserted by the colonists in reaction to the oppressions of European governments. The Citizen, Thomas Hobbes (1641-47) Discussion of the natural law foundations of government. Protestation (1641) An oath taken by British citizens loyal to the Puritan interests in Parliament. Declaration to Justify Their Proceedings and Resolutions to Take Up Arms (1642) Thomas Jefferson, in his Autobiography,said that this Puritan "precedent" was an inspiration to the American cause. The True Constitution of a Particular Visible Church, by John Cotton (1642) Massachusetts Bay School Laws (1642) Requiring that every father teach his children the Catechism; if not, the children shall be taken from the home. Harvard College Admission and Graduation Requirements (1642-1700) The Establishment of the United Colonies of New England (1643) The first attempt at a union of colonies, foreshadowing the United States. This document combines several colonies together for the primary purpose of national defense. This is the first document resembling a federalconstitution in America. Religio Medici, Thomas Browne (1643) The Religion of a Physician; showing the link between religion and Enlightenment science in the 17th century. The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience, Roger Williams A Plea for Religious Liberty, Roger Williams (1644) Early expression of the principle of religious tolerance by the founder of the colony of Rhode Island. The Solemn League and Covenant (1643-44) The document which allied the Scotch Presbyterians and the Puritans in their struggle against Charles I. First-Hand Military Accounts of the English Civil War Lex Rex, Samuel Rutherford (1644). This treatise systematized the Calvinistic political theories which had developed over the previous century. Rutherford was a colleague of John Locke's parents. Most of John Locke's Second Treatise on Government is reflective of Lex Rex. From Rutherford and other Commonwealthmen such as George Lawson, through Locke, these theorists provided the roots of the Declaration of Independence. This page provides the list of questions Lex Rexaddresses. Lex, Rex, Samuel Rutherford (1644). This excerpt shows Rutherford's social contract theory and includes the Puritan theory of resistance to a tyrant. Areopagitica, John Milton (1644). A treatise arguing that true Christianity can win its own arguments, and does not need to worry about challenges from other points of view, and therefore, the Government should not prevent the publication of any ideas. This idea was later articulated by Locke in his Letters Concerning Toleration, and picked up by Madison and Jefferson in their establishment of religious liberty in the U.S. A Description of New Amsterdam by Isaac Joques (1644) On Liberty, John Winthrop (1645) Discusses liberties demanded by the colonists. Hypocricie Unmasked (London, 1646). This is a religious treatise written by Edward Winslow. The Character of A Puritan, John Geree (1646) The Westminster Confession of Faith (1646) In addition to being the decree of Parliament as the standard for Christian doctrine in the British Kingdom, it was adopted as the official statement of belief for the colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. Although slighlty altered and called by different names, it was the creed of Congregationalist, Baptist, and Presbyterian Churches throughout the English speaking world. Assent to the Westminster Confession was officially required at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton.Princeton scholar, Benjamin Warfield wrote: "It was impossible for any body of Christians in the [English] Kingdoms to avoid attending to it." The Westminster Catechism (1646) Second only to the Bible, the "Shorter Catechism" of the Westminster Confession was the most widely published piece of literature in the pre-revolutionary era in America. It is estimated that some five million copies were available in the colonies. With a total population of only four million people in America at the time of the Revolution, the number is staggering. The Westminster Catechism was not only a central part of the colonial educational curriculum, learning it was required by law. Each town employed an officer whose duty was to visit homes to hear the children recite the Catechism. The primary schoolbook for children, the New England Primer, included the Catechism. Daily recitations of it were required at these schools. Their curriculum included memorization of the Westminster Confession and the Westminster Larger Catechism. There was not a person at Independence Hall in 1776 who had not been exposed to it, and most of them had it spoon fed to them before they could walk. A Petition to Establish the Laws of England in America (1646) New England's Salamander Discovered. (London, 1647). This is another religious treatise written by Edward Winslow. The Old Deluder Act (1647) The Simple Cobbler of Aggawamm in America, Nathaniel Ward (1647). An Agreement of the People (1647) A proposal for a republican government in England. The Laws of Massachusetts (1648) Blue Laws, New Haven The Cambridge Platform (1649) The Maryland Toleration Act (1649) King Charles I's Speech at His Trial (1649); Including Judge Bradshaw's response appealing to social contract theory. The Execution of Charles I Stuart (1649) King Charles I's Speech Just Before His Execution (1649) Of the Non-Compelling of Heathens, Samuel Rutherford (1649) Exploring the extent to which a government can coerce religious conformity. An Agreement of the Free People of England (1649) The manifesto of the Levellers, the leaders of the 1649 English Civil War that deposed Charles I and brought a period of parliamentary rule. It expresses many of the ideals that later inspired the American Revolution. The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (1650) by John Milton in defense of the execution of Charles I by the British Parliament a few days after its occurance. It includes an excellent evaluation and summation of the political literature produced on the Continent in the 16th Century. Charles I was the first monarch executed in Europe by his subjects, setting the stage for a religious struggle which would grip Britain for several decades to come. The language and spelling of this edition has been done directly from the 1650 edition. Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes (1651) Laid basis for social contract theory, providing branching point for the theories of constitutionalism and fascism. Salem Residents, to the year 1651 The Gospel Covenant, Rev. Peter Bulkely (1651) Sumptuary Laws in New England (1651) Laws regarding what one may and may not wear. The Instrument of Government, 1653; The Constitution of the English Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. Many of the founders, such as Samuel Adams, considered Oliver Cromwell their hero, and considered the Commonwealth as the glory years of England. Healing Question, Sir Henry Vane, 1656, published the following tract, expounding the principles of civil and religious liberty, and proposed that method of forming a constitution, through a convention called for the purpose, which was actually followed in America after the Revolution. The Commonwealth of Oceana, James Harrington (1656) Outline of a plan for republican government. The Flushing Remonstrance (1657) Proclamation granting liberty to "Jews, Muslims, and Quakers" on Long Island, New York, on the grounds of New Testament graciousness. Extremely progressive for the American colonies. Goody Garlick Testimony in Witchcraft Trial (1657) Forward to the Revision of the New Plymouth Laws (1658) A Treatise of Civil Power in Ecclesiastical Causes; Showing That it Is Not Lawful For Any Power on Earth to Compel in Matters of Religion, John Milton (1659). A formative influence upon the ideals of religious toleration adopted by John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison. The Declaration of Breda, King Charles II Stuart (1660), As the Stuart King was to be restored to the throne after the end of the reign of the Puritan Protectorates, one of his first decisions was to attempt to avoid another religious war, by granting religious liberty to "tender consciences," so long as they did not disturb the peace. The Restoration of Charles II to the Throne of England (1660); A Declaration of Both Houses of Parliament. Excerpts from the Navigation Acts, 1660-1696, The first Parliamentary legislation toward the colonies which would lead to the colonial rebellion of the eighteenth century. Institutes of Elenctic Theology, [excerpt on predestination] Francis Turretin (1660) The principle textbook used by students in American colleges in the 18th century (used at Princeton into the late 19th century). Institutes of Elenctic Theology, Francis Turretin (1660). Excerpts. Narrative of the Pequot War, Lion Gardiner (1660) Narrative of the Pequot War, John Mason The Status of Religion in Virginia (1661) Court Records Dealing with Runaway Slaves in Virginia Virginia Fornication Laws The Book of Common Prayer (1662) As the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell came to an end and Charles II was restored to the throne of England, the Church of England once again introduced a new Book of Common Prayer. This was the guiding document for many throughout the American colonies, particularly in Virginia The Anglican Catechism (1662) The document which provided the religious training for many of the founding fathers of the U.S. (e.g., Washington, Madison, Henry, Wythe, Mason). Connecticut Colony Charter (1662) Deposition of Phineas Pratt (1662) Recounting the settlement at Plymouth The Day of Doom and other Poems, Michael Wigglesworth (1662) Death Penalties in Maryland (1664) Fines and Punishments in Massachusetts (1664-1682) Witchcraft Trials in New York (1665) Excerpts From The Duke of York's Laws (1665-75) A Description of Carolina, Robert Horne (1666) Paradise Lost, John Milton (1667) Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, John Locke (1669) Theologico-Political Treatise, Baruch de Spinoza (1670) Discussed the ultimate source of legitimate political power. Groton in Witchcraft Times, Samuel Green, ed. (c.1671) De Jure Naturae, Samuel Puffendorf (1672, tr. Basil Kennett 1703) De Officio Hominis Et Civis Juxta Legem Naturalem Libri Duo, Samuel Pufendorf (1673). The political theorist of choice among American Puritans in the early 18th century. Works of John Bunyan, According to Ben Franklin's Autobiography, Bunyan was his "favorite author." Barclay's Apology, Robert Barclay (1675). A Quaker treatise later used in favor of American Independence. First Thanksgiving Proclamation (1676) A Compleat Body of Divinity, Samuel Willard. The primary textbook used at Harvard College. The New England Primer, The best-selling textbook used by children in the colonial period. Millions of copies were in print. Filled with Calvinist principles, the influence of this little document is inestimable. Memoir... Dangers That Threaten Canada and the Means to Remedy Them, January 1687 Bacon's Declaration in the Name of the People, 30 July 1676 On Bacon's Rebellion, Governor William Berkely, 19 May 1676 The Captivity of Mary Rowlandson (1676) Political Treatise, Baruch de Spinoza (1677) Constitutional considerations of various forms of government, including ideas that later influenced the Founders. Anne Bradstreet's Poems for her Husband (1678) Edward Taylor's Poems Habeas Corpus Act (1679) English Parliament established key right which was embraced in America. Findings of the New England Synod (1679), a "Jeremiad." Patriarcha, Robert Filmer. A treatise defending the "divine right of Kings." This was the document which Locke and Sydney both had in mind as they wrote their political tracts which formed the American founders' political theory. Although this was written around 1640 in defense of Charles I's divine right, it was not published until 1680. Bill to Exclude the Duke of York (1680), Attempts by the Whig Party to keep James II off the throne. Proposals for the Carrying on the Negro's Christianity, Morgan Goodwyn (1681). Frame of Government of Pennsylvania, William Penn (1682) Early model for written constitutions. Some Fruits of Solitude In Reflections And Maxims, William Penn (1682) Condemnation of the Massachussetts Bay Company, Edward Randolph, 12 June 1683 Causes of King Phillip's War, Edward Randolph (1685) Instructions to Sir Edmund Andros (1686) Commercial Orders to Governor Andros (1686-1687) Principia, Isaac Newton (1687) One of the three most significant influences upon Jefferson. On the Duty of Man and Citizen According to Natural Law, Samuel Pufendorf (1688) Based law and right on natural law. James II Creates the Dominion of New England, April 7, 1688 Parliament Invites William of Orange to England (1688) Declaration of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal (1688) Parliament pledges its loyalty to William and Mary. The Huntington Patent of 1666 Issued by Richard Nicolls (1688-1775) The Full Text of Huntington's Declaration of Rights Orders For Sending Sir Edmund Andros To England (1689) The King's Oath (1689) Established the requirement that the monarch uphold "the Protestant reformed religion" English Bill of Rights (1689) Early model for recognizing natural rights in writing. Much of its language appeared later in the Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution. Second Treatise on Government John Locke (1689) Principal proponent of the social contract theory which forms the basis for modern constitutional republican government. A Letter Concerning Toleration, John Locke (1689) Classic statement of the case for toleration of those holding different views. The Reasonableness of Christianity, John Locke. Toleration Act of William and Mary (1689) The London Confession of Faith (1689) Drawn from the Westminster Confession, this document set for the beliefs of English Baptists during this era. The Re-Establishment of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland (1690) Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions, Cotton Mather (1698) Discourses Concerning Government, Table of Contents. Algernon Sidney (1698) Built principles of popular government from foundation of natural law and the social contract. This book has been considered by scholars the "textbook of the American Revolution." Discourses Concerning Government, Algernon Sidney, excerpts. Journal of George Fox, Founder of the Quakers. Complete Verbatim Transcripts of the Legal Documents of the Salem Witchcraft Outbreak of 1692, Perhaps the most valuable primary source collection on the internet. Transcripts of the Salem Witch Trials (1692) Documents Concerning The Salem Witch Crisis Salem Witch Trials: Other Primary Sources The Confession of Anne Foster at Salem (1692) Wonders of the Invisible World (excerpts), Cotton Mather (1693) Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits, Increase Mather (1693) The Character of a Good Ruler, Samuel Willard (1694) Penn's Plan for a Union (1697) Judge Samuel Sewall Repents His Participation in the Salem Witch Trials (1697) The Story of Squanto, Cotton Mather (1698) The Execution of Hugh Stone, Cotton Mather (1698) An Account of West Jersey and Pennsylvania, Gabriel Thomas (1698) Eighteenth Century Sources Which Profoundly Impacted American History One Hundred Documents Pertaining to Africans and Slavery in America Massive collection of primary sources regarding slavery in America. The Selling of Joseph, Samuel Sewall (1700) An argument against the slave trade. A Memorial Representing the Present State of Religion on the Continent of North America, Thomas Bray, D.D. (1700) Documenting the Anglican view of the colonists and appended with a proposition to found the SPG (Society for Progating the Gospel). King William Addresses Parliament on the French Question, 31 December 1701 A Christian At His Calling, Cotton Mather (1701) Magnalia Christi Americana, Cotton Mather (1702) Robert Beverley on Bacon's Rebellion (1704) Money and Trade Considered With a Proposal for Supplying the Nation with Money, by John Law (1705) Slave Laws in Virginia (1642-1705) The Repentance of a Salem Witchcraft Accuser, Ann Putnam (1706) Philosophical Commentary, Pierre Bayle (1708) A writer recommended by Thomas Jefferson, Bayle criticised French Catholic persecution of Protestants; and argued for toleration as a matter of Biblical principle. William Byrd's Diary [excerpt] (1709) William Byrd's Diary [excerpts regarding slave punishments] (1709) Theopolis Americana ("God's City: America"), Cotton Mather (1709) This excerpt from Mather's sermon shows how Mather, with other Puritans, believed that America was truly the "Promised Land." This thinking led ultimately to the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, whereby Anglo-Americans believed that it was their divine commission to spread their culture from Atlantic to Pacific. Awakening Truths Tending to Conversion, Increase Mather (1710). A sermon wrestling with the paradox between predestination and man's effort toward salvation. Mather appears nearly contradictory throughout. About the Duties of Husbands and Wives, Benjamin Wadsworth (1712) Curriculum of the Boston Latin Grammar School (1712) The History of the Common Law of England, Matthew Hale (1713) Documents Concerning the Jacobite Rebellion The North Carolina Biennal Act (1715) Vindication of the Government of New England Churches, John Wise (1717) A Puritan political sermon which included most of the principles of government embraced by the founders of the U.S. The Angel of Bethesda, Cotton Mather. Here, as a watershed in the history of medical science in America, Mather takes a position in favor of inoculation. Selections from Cato's Letters, John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon (1720-23) English newspaper articles advocating Whig principles, which much influenced the American colonists. Constitution of the Iroquois Confederacy A model for a federal system of government for several Native American nations, it influenced Franklin's proposed Albany Plan of Union. Statutes of the College of William and Mary (1727) The rules governing the college where Thomas Jefferson received his training. Massachusetts House of Representatives on the Governor's Salary, 11 September 1728 Governor Burnet of Massachusetts on the Governor's Salary, 17 September 1728 The Story of Venture Smith (1729-1809) Plain Reasons for Presbyterians Dissenting, Andrew Clarkson (1731); arguing against unconditional submission to the National Church and magistrates. Dissertation Upon Parties, Henry St. John Bolingbroke (1733). A heavy influence upon Jefferson. Founding Vision for Georgia, General James Oglethorpe (1733) Negotiations Regarding the Settlement of the Georgia Colony, Count Zinzendorf (1733) Transcript of the Trial of Peter Zenger (1735) Defense of Peter Zenger, Andrew Hamilton (1735) Letters on the Study and Use of History, Henry St. John Bolingbroke (1735) On Patriotism, Bolingbroke (1736) Governor Gabriel Johnston's request to repeal the Biennal act, 18 October 1736 Disposition of the North Carolina Biennal Act (1737) The Idea of a Patriot King, Bolingbroke (1738) Discourse on the Five Points [Of Calvinism], Daniel Whitby. The text which incited Jonathan Edwards to write his most important book, The Freedom of the Will. On Efficacious Grace, John Gill (1738) Defense of Calvinism by a celebrated English Calvinist. Intentions of the SPG (Society for the Propagation of the Gospel) (1740) The desire of this group to land an Anglican Bishop in the American colonies ignited the American Revolution. The True Scripture-Doctrine Concerning Some Important Points of the Christian Faith, Jonathan Dickinson (1741) Jonathan Dickinson was the first President of the College at Princeton, New Jersey. In this excerpt, Dickinson states that atheism is pure "stupidity" and "madness." Dickinson's opinion in this regard represented the consensus in America. Subsequently all of the founders of the United States were certain of the existence of a Deity. On the other hand, Dickinson here emphasizes the doctrine of Predestination, which was the central controversy of the eighteenth century in the Colonies. Colonists' opinions were divided in this regard. Earlier in the century predestination was the majority view, but by the end of the century a belief in "free-will" had become prevalent among many such as Methodists. The Works Of Jonathan Edwards, Enlightenment Philosopher, Theologian, Orator, Scientist; Edwards was the most important American-born Great Awakening preacher and defender of orthodox Calvinism. Sermons of George Whitefield, Known for his supreme oratory skills, Whitefield was the most famous inter-colonial celebrity during the Great Awakening. The inter-colonial nature of Whitefield's ministry was an important step in the development of the intercolonial union which commenced in the 1760's and 70's. A strong advocate of predestination, Whitefield entered into a bitter dispute with his Methodist colleague, John Wesley over the issue, and the movement was split. The Works of John Wesley, An English preacher, Wesley developed the practice of itinerant preaching: out of doors, traveling long distances on horseback. Wesley was a strong opponent of the Calvinism which was prevalent in America. Letters of John Wesley The Essential Rights and Liberties of Protestants, Elisha Williams (1744) An excerpt explaining what makes something a person's property, from a Boston minister who vigorously promoted liberty of conscience. Regulations at Yale College (1745) Showing the centrality of Calvinism and the Westminster Confession in colonial higher education. The Presence of Great God in the Assembly of Political Rulers, John Barnard (1746) A early warning against tyranny from one of Boston's ministers. Narrative of the Deliverance of Briton Hammond, An account of an African-American taken captive by Native Americans (1747) The Principles of Natural Law, J. Burlamaqui, tr. Thomas Nugent (1748, tr. Thomas Nugent 1752) This was the textbook on political theory used at Harvard. It was this book that gave James Otis, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Joseph Warren, and John Adams their understanding of political science. The Principles of Politic Law, J. Burlamaqui, tr. Thomas Nugent (1748, tr. Thomas Nugent 1752) Sequel to The Principles of Natural Law carrying natural law into constitutional law. Commentary on the ideas of Grotius, Hobbes, Puffendorf, Barbeyrac, Locke, Clarke, and Hutchinson. The Spirit of Laws, Charles de Montesquieu, (1748, tr. Thomas Nugent 1752) Laid the foundations for the theory of republican government, particularly the concepts of the separation of powers into legislative, executive, and judicial, a federal republic, representatives elected from political subdivisions, a bicameral legislature, and a system of checks and balances. Montesquieu was the most frequently cited political theorist during the founding of the U.S. An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy, James Steuart. Recommended by Jefferson as one of the best books on political science. History of Massachusetts Bay, Thomas Hutchinson, excerpt regarding coinage. Remarks on the Fable of the Bees, Frances Hutcheson (1750) Journal of John Woolman, An American Quaker who was vigorously opposed to slavery. A Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-Resistance to the Higher Powers, Jonathan Mayhew (1750) About this document, John Adams wrote, "It was read by everybody; celebrated by friends, and abused by enemies... It spread an universal alarm against the authority of Parliament. It excited a general and just apprehension, that bishops, and dioceses, and churches, and priests, and tithes, were to be imposed on us by Parliament." This sermon has been called the spark which ignited the American Revolution. This illustrates that the Revolution was not only about stamps and taxes but also about religious liberty. Petition to Parliament: Reasons for Making Bar, as well as Pig or Sow-iron (ca. 1750) Petition to Parliament: Reason Against a General Prohibition of the Iron Manufacture in Plantations Memoir on the English Aggression, October 1750 Memoir on the French Colonies in North America, December 1750 Adams, Franklin, and Madison: Accounts of Their Original Plans to be Christian Clergymen Of Party Divisions, William Livingston (1753) A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, Jean Jacques Rousseau (1754) Discussion on political inequality, its origins and implications. A Discourse on Political Economy, Jean Jacques Rousseau (1755) Discussion on the economic principles affecting the politics of a society. Dictionary, Samuel Johnson (1755) This was the standard dictionary of the late 18th century. The Value and Purpose of Princeton College, Samuel Davies and Gilbert Tennent (1754); an appeal to British citizens to support the seminary which became Princeton University. Religion and Patriotism the Constituents of a Good Soldier, Samuel Davies (1755). Davies, a Presbyterian preacher and president of the College at Princeton, here interprets the French and Indian war as a religious war. In this excerpt from a sermon preached in Virginia, Davies rouses the anti-Catholic sentiment of his hearers to rally them to arms against the French in the Ohio country. Military Documents of the French and Indian War Primary Sources Pertaining to the French and Indian War A Complete Poem by Jupiter Hammon (1760) The Social Contract, Jean Jacques Rousseau (1762) Discussed legitimate government as the expression of the general will. The Curse of Cowardice, Samuel Davies (1758) Against the Writs of Assistance, James Otis (1761) The Role of the Indians in the Rivalry Between France, Spain, and England, Governor Glen (1761) Elements of Criticism, Lord Kaims [Henry Homes] (1762), Highly recommended by Jefferson, in this excerpt Kaims discusses the problems with fiction. Treaty of Paris (1763) Ended the French and Indian War and gave the English control of all the land east of the Mississippi River. Acts of Parliament concerning the American Colonies The Royal Proclamation of 1763 Forbid colonists from crossing the Appalachians. The Currency Act, 1764 The Sugar Act, 1764 The Quartering Act, 1765 The Stamp Act, 1765 Precipitated the "Stamp Act Crisis" which fomented rebellion throughout the colonies The Declaratory Act, 1766 The English Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, but couldn't leave well enough alone, and adopted this statement of parliamentary supremacy over the British colonies. The Townshend Act, 1767 The Tea Act, 1773 The Administration of Justice Act, 1774 The Boston Port Act, 1774 The Massachusetts Government Act, 1774 The Quebec Act, 1774 The Quartering Act, 1774 The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved, James Otis (1764) Blackstone's Commentaries (1765) Considered the book that "lost the colonies" for England. This text delineates the legal principles of common law which ensure the fundamental rights of Englishmen. Blackstone was quoted by the colonists twice as often as they quoted Locke. Blackstone's Contents (1765) "Offenses Against God and Religion," William Blackstone (1765). Showing the common understanding that the integrity of the judicial system depends upon the participants' belief in God. "Offenses Against the Public Peace" William Blackstone (1765) "On Husband And Wife", William Blackstone (1765) Considerations, Daniel Dulany, October 1765 The Objections to the Taxation Consider'd, Soame Jenyns (1765) The Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress, October 19, 1765 The Declaration of Rights of the Stamp Act Congress (1765) Developed the concept that people could not legitimately be taxed except by their elected representatives. William Pitt's Speech on the Stamp Act, January 14, 1766 Examination of Benjamin Franklin in the House of Commons (1766) On Crimes and Punishments, Cesare Beccaria (1766) Set out rights of the accused in criminal proceedings. Argues for crime prevention over punishment, and against the death penalty and torture. On the History of Civil Society, Adam Ferguson John Dickinson's Letter 2, from Letters from a Farmer, 1767-1768 John Dickinson's Letter 4, from Letters from a Farmer, 1767-1768 On the Misfortune of Indentured Servants, Gottlieb Mittelberger An Election Sermon, Daniel Shute; Delivered in Boston, Massachusetts-Bay, 26 May 1768. Charter of Dartmouth College (1769) Virginia Nonimportation Resolutions (1769) Excerpts From Mary Cooper's Diary (1769) Daniel Boone's Journal Anna Bergen Rapelje's Full Manuscript (1770-1797) The Boston Massacre, The Boston Gazette, 12 March 1770 Anonymous Account of the Boston Massacre, 5 March, 1770 Captain Thomas Preston's account of the Boston Massacre, 13 March 1770 The Hymnbook of Isaac Watts, After the Bible and the Catechism, this was the third most commonly used book in colonial New England. The Rights of the Colonists, Samuel Adams (1772) John Adams indicated that all the concepts which Jefferson later set forth in the Declaration of Independence were first introduced here. An Oration on the Beauties of Liberty, Reverend John Allen (1772) Oration Deliverd at Boston, Joseph Warren (1772) Second Oration Delivered at Boston, Joseph Warren (1772) An Election Sermon, Simeon Howard (1773) Demonstrating that an armed war against a tyrant was a Christian's duty. The Sovereign Decrees of God, Isaac Backus (1773) Eyewitness Account of the Boston Tea Party, George Hewes (1773) Resolution of the Virginia House of Burgesses for Establishing an Intercolonial Committee of Correspondence (1773) Early Virginia Religious Petitions (1774-1802) Boston Massacre Oration, John Hancock (1774) A Plea Before the Massachusetts Legislature, Isaac Backus (1774) Considerations on the Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament, James Wilson (1774) To the Inhabitants of the Several Anglo-American Colonies, William Livingston (1774) Declaration of Colonial Rights of the Continental Congress (1774) John Adams said that the Declaration of Independence was not much more than a recapitulation of this document. First Prayer given in the Continental Congress, Rev. Jacob Duche (1774) Journals of the Continental Congress, 34 Volumes. This invaluable collection of documents tells what took place in Philadelphia as the United States was being birthed. Resolution of the House of Burgesses in Virginia (1774) This resolution was inspired by similar resolutions made in the Puritan Revolution of 1641; the Burgesses resolved to commit their crisis to prayer and fasting. Sermon on Civil Liberty, Nathaniel Niles (1774) An example of how clergymen stoked the revolutionary spirit. The Olive Branch Petition (1774). This document is a last-ditch attempt to mend the tears between Britain and America. But George III never read this petition. A Plan for the Union of Great Britain and the Colonies, Joseph Galloway (1774) The Suffolk Resolves, Joseph Warren (1774) Phyllis Wheatley to Samson Occam (1774) Works of Henry Laurens, President of the Continental Congress Authors Most Frequently Cited by the Founders John Adams Discusses the Historic Sources Which Provided the Intellectual Foundations of American Political Theory Works of Benjamin Franklin A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity (1725), A little known theological work in which Franklin made a metaphysical argument for predestination and against free-will. Franklin concluded that all things are ultimately good, because God is in total control and God is good. Franklin's Advice Concerning His Friend's Sexual Affairs (1745), Illustrating a side of Franklin's character which is seldom exposed. Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard (1733) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard (1734) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard (1735) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard (1736) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard (1737) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard (1738) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard (1739) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard (1740) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard (1741) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard (1742) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard (1743) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard (1744) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard (1745) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard (1746) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard (1747) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard Improved (1748) Franklin, Benjamin: Poor Richard Improved (1752) Observations and Suppositions Towards Forming a New Hypothesis for Explaining the Several Phenomena of Thunder Gusts, (1749) The insights which led to Franklin's famous Kite experimentation, which, in turn, gave Franklin his international reputation which mattered greatly as the U.S. was being birthed. Observations on the Increase of Mankind (1751) Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Albany Plan for a Union (1754) Ben Franklin's first attempt to Unite the States. In Defense of a Plan for Colonial Union, Benjamin Franklin (1754) Arguments in favor of the Albany Plan of Union, which was rejected as too democratic. Benjamin Franklin, How I Became a Printer in Philadelphia Franklin's Motion for Prayer at the Constitutional Convention Franklin's Advice to Thomas Paine Regarding the Age of Reason, In this letter, Franklin advises Paine to burn his manuscript of the Age of Reason, because it undermines religious ideals. Franklin's Tentative Approval of the Constitution Franklin's last Letter to Ezra Stiles, Detailing Franklin's religious opinions Ben Franklin's Will Works of Sam Adams Writings of Samuel Adams One of the most thorough internet sites of its kind including numerous letters and newspaper articles. Works of George Washington Prayer Journal Rules for Civility (1744) Journal (1754) Braddock's Defeat (1755) Letter to Presbyterians Letter to State Governments General Orders, July 2, 1776 Letter to John Hancock, September 24, 1776 The Battle of Trenton (1776) Address to the Members of the Volunteer Association and Other Inhabitants..., December 2, 1783 Letter to George Chapman, December 15, 1784 (On importance of education) Letter to Robert Morris, April 12, 1786 (On the abolition of slavery) Letter to the President of the Continental Congress, September 17, 1787 First Inaugural Address, April 30, 1789 Letter to the United Baptist Churches in Virginia, May 10, 1789 Excerpts from Drafts of the First Inaugural Address (1789) Thanksgiving Proclamation (1789) First Annual Message, January 8, 1790 (Order of business for a young Union) Excerpts of Washington's Diaries (1790) Letter to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, August, 1790 (On what is a just and good government) Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793 The Diary of George Washington 30 September-19 October 1794 Letter to the Vice President, November 15, 1794 Letter to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, January 28, 1795 (On education and establishment of a university) Farewell Address, September 19, 1796 (Public opinion should be enlightened) Papers of George Washington (Yale Library) Papers of George Washington (Library of Congress) Last Will And Testament of George Washington excerpt about slaves (1799) Several Obituaries of George Washington George Washington's Adopted Daughter Discusses Washington's Religious Character Nelly Custis lived with the Washingtons at Mt. Vernon for twenty years (1779 until 1799). As a daily observer of his life, she was qualified perhaps more than any other to assess George Washington's religion (even perhaps more than George himself, who was reluctant to speak about his own religious affections). Works of John Adams Diary of John Adams, excerpts illustrating Adams' sentiments regarding religion. Letter to James Sullivan, May 26, 1776 (On women and voting rights) Letter to Zabdiel Adams, June 21, 1776 (On reason, honor, and love of liberty) Correspondence between John and Abigail Adams, March-April 1776 (On nature and liberty) Abigail Adams' Correspondence "Discourse on Davila--XV," 1776 (Contrast of natural equality and inequalities) "Thoughts on Government", 1776 (On republican government) Novanglus A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law Defense of the American Constitutions, An important excerpt in which Adams recommends various writings of Protestant political theorists Appendix to the Defence of the Constitutions, 1787 (On the good effects of local institutions) John Adams Inaugural Address (1797) Message to the Senate on the Death of George Washington, December 23, 1799 Letters to Benjamin Rush and Samuel Miller, illustrating Adams' hatred for Thomas Paine and his admiration for Calvinists. American Independence Achieved Upon the Principles of Christianity (1813) Letter to Evans, June 8, 1819 (The founding's opposition to slavery) Letter to H. Niles, February 13, 1818 (On the Revolution as a religious revolution of ideas and principles) Letter to Timothy Pickering, August 6, 1822. Detailing Adams' recollection of the production of the Declaration of Independence. Adams here states that there is not an idea in the Declaration of Independence except what had been hackneyed in Congress for two years before. According to Adams, the substance of the Declaration is contained in the Declaration of Rights and the Violations of those Rights in the Journals of Congress, in 1774, and the essence of it is contained in a pamphlet, voted and printed by the town of Boston, before the first Congress met, by Samuel Adams. Works of Thomas Jefferson Famous Works Autobiography Notes on the State of Virginia Jefferson's draft of the Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence, 4 July, 1776 Jefferson's Bible Jefferson's Manual For Parliamentary Procedure Draft for a Bill for Establishing Relgious Freedom (1779) Letter to the Danbury Baptists prefaced by the letter the Baptists first sent to Jefferson (1802) Books Recommended by Jefferson Annual and Special messages to Congress First Annual Message to Congress\ Second Annual Message to Congress Third Annual Message to Congress Fourth Annual Message to Congress Fifth Annual Message to Congress Sixth Annual Message to Congress Seventh Annual Message to Congress Eighth Annual Message to Congress Special Message on the Burr Conspiracy Special Message on Gun-Boats Inaugural Addresses First Inaugural Address (1801) Second Inaugural Address (1805) Messages to Congress Message to the Senate of April 8, 1802 Regarding Article 6 of the Jay Treaty Message to the House of December 30, 1802 Transmitting a letter from Manuel de Salcedo, Governor of Louisiana to William Claiborne Regarding the Treaty with Spain of 1795 Message to the Senate of January 11, 1803 Regarding Louisiana Message to the Senate of October 17, 1803 Regarding the Louisiana Purchase Message to the Senate and House of October 21, 1803 Regarding the Louisiana Purchase Message to the Senate and House of January 16, 1804 Regarding the Louisiana Purchase Indian Addresses To the Brothers of the Choctaw Nation To Brother Handsome Lake To Brother John Baptist de Coigne To the Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation To the Wolf and People of the Mandan Nation Miscellaneous Papers Draft Constitution for Virginia Draft Declaration and Protest of the Commonwealth of Virginia Draft of the Kentucky Resolutions - October 1798 Kentucky Resolution (1799) From the Minutes of the Board of Visitors, University of Virginia, 1822 - 1825 Observations on the Whale - Fishery Opinion on the Constitutionality of a National Bank Opinion on the French Treaties Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States Report on the Privileges and Restrictions on the Commerce of the United States in Foreign Counies Report on Government for Western Territory Resolutions of Congress on Lord North's Conciliatory Proposal A Summary View Of The Rights Of British America Letters Jefferson's Letters Other Letters - Alpabetic List / Chronological List Letter to Mr. Hammond (annexed to the Jay Treaty) Letter from President Thomas Jefferson to Meriweather Lewis 1803 Works of James Madison Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, James Madison. These are the proceedings of the Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia, an essential guide to interpreting the intent of the Framers. James Madison, First Inaugural (1809) James Madison, Second Inaugural (1813) The Federalist Papers, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay (1787-88) Arguments for ratification of the proposed Constitution. Memorial and Remonstrance (Virginia, 1785) James Madison, speech proposing the Bill of Rights, June 8, 1789 Detached Memoranda (>1817), detailing Madison's views of the importance of no religious establishments Letter to F.L. Schaeffer (1821) in which Madison credits Luther with leading the way for the appropriate distinction between church and state. The Works of Thomas Paine The American Crisis, 1776 - 1783 Common Sense (1776) African Slavery in America (1775) Age Of Reason (1795) The Age of Reason - Part 1 Paine demonstrates the absurdity of a word of God existing in print. As a Deist, Paine believed that the true word of God is nature. The Age of Reason - Part 2 Paine demonstrates that neither the Old Testament nor the New Testament can be the Word of God. Agrarian Justice Answer to Bishop LLandaff Publication of The Age of Reason generated a storm of controversy. One of Paine's critics was Bishop Llandaff, who published a detailed rebuttal to The Age of Reason. This is Paine's reply to that rebuttal. Biblical Blasphemy Dissertation on First Principles of Government (1795) An Essay On Dream (1807) Examination of the Prophecies (1807) The Existence of God Letter to Andrew Dean (1806) Thomas Paine on death and Christianity. Letters Concerning "The Age of Reason" (1797-1803) Thomas Paine's correspondence concerning The Age of Reason. Includes correspondence with Samuel Adams. Of the Religion of Deism Compared with the Christian Religion In this hard-hitting article, Paine argues that Deism is superior to Christianity. Origin of Free-Masonry (1818) Predestination Prospect Papers (1804) Rights Of Man (1792) Worship and Church Bells (1797) American Revolution Military Documents First-hand Account of the Midnight Ride, Paul Revere (1775) The Royal Proclamation of Rebellion (1775) First-Hand Accounts of Revolutionary War Battles Military Records of the American Revolution Military Records of the American Revolution from upstate New York Espionage Documents of the American Revolution The Battle of Bunker Hill, Major-General Sir John Burgoyne to Lord Stanley, June 1775 The Battle of Bunker Hill, Lieutenant J. Waller, First Royal Marine Battalion, to His Brother, Camp of Charlestown Heights, 22 June 1775 The Battle of Trenton, George Washington (1776) The Recruiting Service, Captain Alexander Graydon, 1776 Army Life, Captain Georg Pausch, 8 September 1776 Christopher Vail's Journal (1775-1782) Nathan Hale's Capture (1776) The Battle of Saratoga, Hessian Account (1777) Saratoga, Major-General Burgoyne to his nieces, Albany, 20 October 1777 Washington at Brandywine, Captain Ferguson, 70th Foot, September 1777 From the Diary of a Surgeon at Valley Forge, Albigence Waldo (1777) Letters from Valley Forge (1778) Alliance with France (1778) Papers of General Nathaniel Greene US-France: Treaty of Amity and Commerce February 6, 1778 Comments on Hessian Troops, Lieutenant W. Hale, Philadelphia, 23 March 1778 Monmouth Court House, Lieutenant Hale, Neversunk, 4 July 1778 Treaty with the Delawares (1778) Benedict Arnold's Treason and other Spy Documents (1780) Washington's Headquarters, Francois Jean, Marquis de Chastellux, 1780 The Norfolk Chronicle, Saturday, February 17, 1781 The Surrender of Cornwalis (1781) From the Diary of Ebenezer Denny (1781) describing the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown Contract Between the King and the Thirteen United States of North America, signed at Versailles July 16, 1782 Preliminary Articles of Peace, U.S. and Great Britain, 30 November 1782 Declarations for Suspension of Arms and Cessation of Hostilities, Signed at Versailles January 20, 1783 Journal, John Paul Jones; Naval Hero Treaty of Paris (1783) George III Laments the Loss of the Colonies Works of Ethan Allen, Revolutionary War hero and Deist. John Newton Criticizing Arminians (1775) A letter from the author of "Amazing Grace" claiming that repentance is the not key to atonement. Daniel Leonard's Letter of January 9, 1775 Defensive War in a Just Cause Sinless, David Jones (1775). Sermon justifying the revolution. Speech on Conciliation with America, Edmund Burke, March 22, 1775; Burke describes the character of the American colonists and links their commitment to liberty to their Protestantism. Government Corrupted by Vice, and Recovered by Righteousness, Samuel Langdon, May 31, 1775; This sermon preached a year before Jefferson wrote his declaration, included this phrase: "By the law of nature, any body of people, destitute of order and government, may form themselves into a civil society, according to their best prudence, and so provide for their common safety and advantage." On Civil Liberty, Passive Obedience, and Nonresistance, Jonathan Boucher (1775) A Calm Address To Our American Colonies, John Wesley (1775) The American Vine, Jacob Duche (1775) The Charlotte Town Resolves (1775) Resolutions of Presbyterians of Mecklenberg, North Carolina. Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death, Patrick Henry (1775). Famous oration which motivated Southerners to join in the battle already taking place in New England. Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms, Jefferson and Dickinson, July 6, 1775. This document was inspired by the Puritan Declaration of August, 1642, "Declaration of the Lords and Commons to Justify Their Taking Up Arms," available in John Rushworth, ed., Historical Collections of Private Passages of State, Weighty Matters in Law, Remarkable Proceedings in Five Parliaments (1680-1722),vol. 4, pp. 761-768. Yankee Doodle The anthem of the Continental Army The Church's Flight into the Wilderness, Samuel Sherwood, January 17, 1776; A sermon which labels British tyranny Satanic. The Virginia Declaration of Rights, George Mason (1776) Unquestionably a document which Jefferson had in mind when writing the Declaration of Independence. State Constitutions A collection of the constitutions of each colony. Religious Clauses of State Constitutions Demonstrating that most states had establishments of religion. On the Right to Rebel against Governors, Samuel West (1776) The True Interest of America Impartially Stated, Charles Inglis (1776). A statement of an American loyal to the King. Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith (1776). The manual for capitalism, the economic backbone of the United States. Resolves of the Continental Congress Divine Judgements Upon Tyrants, Jacob Cushing, April 20, 1778; a sermon on the three year anniversary of the war. Election Sermon, Phillips Payson (1778) Defensive Arms Vindicated (1779) A sermon vindicating the activity of General George Washington. A Sermon on the Day of the Commencement of the Constitution, Samuel Cooper (1780) U.S. Articles of Confederation The first Constitution of the United States. The Origins and Progress of the American Revolution Peter Oliver (1781). Oliver, a tory, names the persons he feels are most responsible for the rebellion. James Otis and the Calvinist clergy ("black regiment") were the chief culprits. United States Articles of Confederation (1781) Letters >From an American Farmer, Crevecour (1782) Essay on Money, John Witherspoon, Presbyterian theologian and president of Princeton University. The Lord's Supper, Joseph Priestly (1783) Another author who Jefferson and Franklin commended. Memorial and Remonstrance, James Madison (1785). Championing the principal of religious liberty. Land Ordinance of 1785 (Jefferson). Detailing the manner in which the Northwest Territory shall be partitioned and sold. Treaty With the Cherokee (1785) The Annapolis Convention (1786), prelude to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. The Federalist Papers 1-85, Madison, Jay, and Hamilton's defense of Federalism Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, James Madison. These are the proceedings of the Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia, an essential guide to interpreting the intent of the Framers. Denominational Affiliations of the Framers of the Constitution, contrary to the myth, this chart shows that only 3 out of 55 of the framers classified themselves as Deists. Records of the Constitutional Convention (Farrand's Records) United States Constitution (1787) Elliot's Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution Northwest Ordinance (1787) Detailing the manner in which new states may be added to the United States. Northwest Ordinance Shay's Rebellion (1787) Letter of Transmittal of U.S. Constitution Debates in the First Federal Congress Regarding A Religious Amendment to the Constitution (1789), edited by Jim Allison. An important source for understanding the intention of the framers concerning religious liberty. Mr. Allison has collected together the debates in the House and the Senate on this most important subject. Bill of Rights and the Amendments to The Constitution (1791) The concession to the Anti-Federalists to win their acceptance of the Constitution. Federal Statutes Statutory Laws and Judicial Precedents in Early America Federal Legislative Documents Records of the First Sixteen Federal Congresses Slave Trade and the Middle Passage, Alexander Falconbridge (1788) The Life of Olaudah Equiano, A Slave's Autobiography (1789) The Virginia Chronicle, John Leland (1790). Champion of religious disestablishment. Friend and influence upon James Madison. On Dissenting from the Episcopal Church, John Leland (1790) On the Equality of the Sexes, Judith Sargent Murray (1790) The Funeral of Arminianism, William Huntington (1791) The Rise and Progress of the Young Ladies' Academy of Philadelphia, Molly Wallace (1794) Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 Greenville Treaty with a number of Indian Tribes (1795) Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, William Godwin (1793) Part of Jefferson's library of political works. William Godwin's Works Treaty of Tripoli (1795) Washington's Farewell Address The Sedition Act (1798) On the Mode of Education Proper in a Republic (1798), Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, emphasizing the religious foundation and goal of all education. Four Discourses On The General First Principles of Deism (1798), Samuel E. McCorkle, D. D. The biggest intellectual controversy of the 1790's was called the "deist controversy." On the one side were the followers of Thomas Paine, on the other side were the orthodox Christians as represented here by the Rev. McCorkle. The Kentucky Resolutions (1799) Obituaries of George Washington This Library is maintained by Rick Gardiner. Please send Rick Gardiner email with your comments, questions, or feedback about this project. He enjoys helping people understand the documents on this page and helping people find the documents they need, so don't be afraid to email him. Please also carefully consider Rick's new book which elucidates the religious context of these documents. ------------------------------------------- SAD wake up people p Subject: TIPofICEBERG:60Minutes-JEW INFILTRATION of CIA Date: Sun, 6 Feb 2000 20:34:46 -0500 From: ralph@teaminfinity.com COMMUNIQUE #2266 http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/church ----------------- http://www.vatican.va/library_archives/vat_secret_archives/index.htm FREE DSL ??? http://WWW.FREEDSL.COM http://www.truthbeknown.com DEICIDE - "Do you really think so ?" KNOWLEDGE is POWER - POWER CORRUPTS - STUDY HARD - BECOME EVIL <- FUNNY 60MINUTES: JEW INFILTRATION of CIA ---------------------------------- This is the proverbial TIP of the FRIGGIN ICEBERG my friends, just the TIP !!!!!! This was on 60 MINUTES TONIGHT. More whinning from another "RELIGIOUS" IDIOT. CIA Lawyer Alleges 'Ethnic Profiling' ------------------------------------- He Says His Religion Made Him A Target Agency Has Suspended Adam Ciralsky He Gives First Interview to 60 Minutes NEW YORK FEBRUARY 6th 2000 CBS Adam Ciralsky tells 60 Minutes his story. (CBS) "The counterintelligence people, it's like The Invasion of the Body Snatchers. They just come and get you one day," says Adam Ciralsky to 60 Minutes' Lesley Stahl about the day the CIA informed him that he was under investigation. In his first interview, to be broadcast on Sunday, Feb. 6, on CBS, the former CIA lawyer says he's not a spy and was targeted for investigation because he is a religious Jew. 60 Minutes has been told by current and former intelligence sources that ethnic profiling along the lines alleged by Ciralsky has become a tool used by the nation's spy catchers to root out traitors. An example of the CIA's ethnic profiling, Ciralsky says, was the agency's creating of what he calls a "Jewish resume." In a background summary of his life, Ciralsky says, the CIA ignored all secular information about him in favor of the religious, mentioning his college minor in Judaic studies but leaving out his international affairs major, and pointing to his Hebrew study while ignoring his Spanish classes. What's more, says Ciralsky, counterintelligence agents were more interested in his travels to Israel than to China. "I lived in China for a summer," he says. "They could have cared less whether I was associating with known Communists, but they were incredibly concerned about who sold me a falafel sandwich" in Israel. The CIA denies it is anti-Semitic or uses ethnic profiling. But Ciralsky has threatened to sue the agency, which has suspended him without pay and revoked his security clearance. The CIA has sought to settle the dispute out of court. But even if he accepts an offer that would exonerate him completely, an indignant Ciralsky is not expecting the spy agency to admit it made a mistake. "I think the lesson here is, counterintelligence is really about never having to say you're sorry," he tells Stahl. 2000, CBS Worldwide Inc ----- PART II from SALON MAGAZINE DOES the CIA STEREOTYPE JEWS as SECURITY RISKS ? ------------------------------------------------ http://www.codoh.org/newsdesk/9806102.html An agency lawyer denied clearance to work at the White House sues -- and charges that the CIA is purging Jews. BY JEFF STEIN | June 10, 1998 | SALON A lawyer for the Central Intelligence Agency, suspended from duty under suspicion of unauthorized contact with Israel, is preparing an unprecedented suit challenging the validity of the spy agency's "lie detector" test, which he claims stereotypes Jews as security risks. Adam Ciralsky, a 26-year-old lawyer in the CIA's Office of General Counsel, was placed on paid leave last October after the agency's polygraphers refused to clear him for an assignment at the White House, where he was recruited to work for Richard Clark, the administration's new "terrorism czar" at the National Security Council. Only months before, Ciralsky, who is Jewish, had passed two previous polygraph tests, including a CIA entrance exam, that questioned him about his contacts with Israelis. A 1993 test administered while he worked at the Defense Intelligence Agency specifically found no grounds for suspicion concerning his tourist trips to Israel, his attendance at Israeli embassy cultural events in Washington, his wealthy parents' donations to Jewish groups and his close relations with his Hebrew teacher. An employee of the CIA since late 1996, Ciralsky also suggests he has been victimized by a government wide "witch hunt" for Israeli spies, launched last March after U.S. intelligence intercepted an Israeli diplomatic cable that mentioned a secret agent in Washington code-named "Mega." "They shook the tree," he told one associate. "The question is, why was I on a branch?" More than 10 Jewish federal foreign policy and defense specialists were suspended from their jobs in the wake of the "Mega" cable, Ciralsky alleges in a 120-page affidavit prepared in anticipation of a suit against the top officials of both the CIA and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, who jointly run the CIA's counterintelligence center as a result of a security shake-up following the Aldrich Ames fiasco. Ames, a Soviet Russian mole for nine years, passed several CIA polygraph examinations before he was uncovered in 1995 and convicted of espionage. Ciralsky's charge of a purge could not be independently verified. Abraham Foxman, head of B'nai B'rith's Anti-Defamation League, told Salon he knew of "no pattern" of discrimination currently, but that the Pentagon had sent out a security memo in 1995 warning defense contractors that their Jewish employees might be susceptible to recruitment by Israeli intelligence. The memo was repudiated by the Pentagon as "particularl repugnant" and the work of a "rogue" employee, but Foxman said he was "not satisfied" that the matter had been adequately handled. According to a 1992 report in the Wall Street Journal, the FBI at one time kept lists of Jewish employees with security clearances under a project code-named "Scope." The FBI said then it had abandoned the program. A 1994 book, "The Secret War Against the Jews," by John Loftus and Mark Aarons, reported that the National Security Agency, which intercepts and decodes foreign government communications, banned Jewish-American employees from a unit known as "the Jew room," which monitors coded Israeli communications. Ciralsky charges that the CIA uses an "extraordinarily anti-Semitic" security profile, or a list of criteria, such as whether an employee speaks Hebrew, gives money to Zionist organizations, attends an Orthodox synagogue or has visited Israel, to measure whether a Jewish employee is a security risk. "That's why we're going to court," he told an associate. He is demanding that the CIA renounce the profile publicly and discard it, release him for his White House assignment and undertake a "thorough" reevaluation of its polygraph program, which began in 1952. Ciralsky, a graduate of George Washington University and the University of Illinois Law School, has not been officially accused of anything, nor has he been exonerated, sources said. For eight months he's been in an employment limbo, collecting his CIA check at his home in Bethesda, Md. "They never said it had anything to do with the polygraph," he told an associate. "In fact, they deny it. It's a new story every time you talk to them." The CIA, which as a matter of policy refuses to comment on personnel matters, refused to discuss the case of Ciralsky, who has retained Washington lawyer Neal Sher, a former head of the Justice Department's Nazi-hunting unit, to represent him. Ciralsky has also enlisted the help of David Lykken, a leading polygraph critic, University of Minnesota psychology professor and author of "Tremors in the Blood: Uses and Abuses of the Lie Detector" (Plenum Press). Last month Lykken wrote to CIA Director George Tenet on Ciralsky's behalf, pointing out the contradictory results to the same questions. "You should be aware that the polygraph cannot detect lying," Lykken wrote. "With respect to Mr. Ciralsky's situation, it is patent that, if one believed that polygraph testing produces valid results, it would be impossible to make sense of his having passed two prior tests and then failing a third test referring to the same prior events." No government employee or applicant has ever challenged in court the unfavorable results of a polygraph test, tens of thousands of which are administered annually by the FBI, CIA, Defense Department and other government agencies, although complaints of abuses have been mounting in recent years. In Detroit, however, David Tenenbaum, an engineer for the Department of the Army, has notified the government that he intends to sue over a polygraph test that led to his highly publicized arrest by FBI agents last year on suspicion of giving classified documents to Israel. He was exonerated and has returned to his job in Army armor design. In a brief telephone interview, Tenenbaum said it was impossible for him to determine whether he had been singled out, or if he fit a polygrapher's "anti-Semitic" security profile, because he is Jewish. "How would I know?" Also last year, an Alabama man who held the government's highest security clearances for years was stymied for a CIA job by an agency polygrapher. David Keen, 42, who worked on supersecret "Stealth" engineering projects for the Pentagon for 18 years before accepting a CIA invitation to apply for a job, complained to Sen. Richard Shelby, R-Ala., chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee, about the methods of CIA polygraphers, who reduced him to tears with "browbeating" questions about his daughter and failed marriage. Keen, who is not Jewish, flunked the "loyalty questions" on the test twice, then read a book called "How to Sting the Polygraph," by former Oklahoma policeman Doug Williams. On the third try, he passed easily. When his CIA interrogator wondered aloud how he'd done it, Keen told him about the book -- which sent the CIA polygrapher "into a rage," Keen said. He was rejected for employment. Friends have told Keen he was "stupid" to tell the CIA he studied how to beat the "lie detector," but he replies: "I told the truth, didn't I?" "Some of the most bizarre and unprofessional events I have ever seen," he said of his experience to Shelby. Keen told Salon that another applicant who failed the CIA test had passed a polygraph exam at the National Security Agency, which handles the government's most secret codes, and had gone to work there. The government is actually of two minds about "lie detectors." While the CIA was counting on the polygraph to determine the veracity of Adam Ciralsky, the Justice Department was at the Supreme Court insisting that a defendant shouldn't be able to use the results of a test as evidence of his innocence. The polygraph, argued the solicitor general, was "unreliable." The justices agreed. Sher refused to discuss the particulars of Ciralsky's case but called polygraph tests "a goddamn farce ... When a defendant wants to use it, they say it's not worth the paper it's written on. But when they want to use it to justify discipline, or blocking someone from a job or promotion, they use it. They want to have it both ways." The White House is trying discreetly to untangle the Ciralsky problem, sources said, so it can avoid the spectacle of having the Justice Department defend the CIA's use of a test that it has just told the Supreme Court was unreliable. Richard Clark refused to return several calls asking for comment on the Ciralsky case. SALON | June 10, 1998 | Jeff Stein covers national security issues for Salon. ------------------- http://www.truthbeknown.com http://www.truthbeknown.com/origins.htm for footnotes etc. "Did you go yourself and examine this, or how do you know?" [Socrates 469 - 399 B.C.E.]. 3."The history of the world is the history of fanaticism. " 4."Every man prefers belief to the exercise of judgment, says Seneca". [Seneca the Younger 4 B.C.E.? - 65 C.E.]. 5."the faithful gain prestige through managing to believe even more ridiculous things than their rivals succeed in believing. " 8. "Faith is that quality which enables us to believe what we know to be untrue. " ["The Omnibus Boners"]. 11. "It may be that in some cases the two great impulses of reliance and defiance have become assimilated. The ascetic ["believer"] who subjects himself utterly to the will of his god may simultaneously be seeking the power that derives from his omnipotent ally. If the same belief or delusion permits in this way the simultaneous resolution of both impulses, then the force of both will be combined. This may explain the tremendous strength of religious conviction. The will to power and the will to submission are perfectly combined in submission to omnipotence. " 12. "This is the big one, my friends. This is where we find out which is stronger--the intelligence you were born with, or a lifetime of brainwashing. You can make it. I did. " #################################################### THE FOLLOWING SHOCKING ADMISSION is from Sherman Skolnick: [who happens to be JEWISH and a friend] --------------------------------------- Another very deep, dark secret of the 20th Century, is how some Chief Rabbis---certainly not all of them---operated in countries around Nazi Germany. In Poland, for example, these purported holymen were the community bankers. The ordinary people not having local banks available, such as in the U.S., they entrusted them with their money and valuables. And these Chief Rabbis, too often, told their people, after the invasion by the Germans, after 1939, "Shush, quiet, say nothing, get on the train. The Germans want you to work on the farm". The ordinary Jews were fed these fairy tales. The trains took them to places like Auschwitz where many perished, having been worked to death as slave laborers for I.G. Farben and other Nazi indusry. Some concentration camp survivors I have known in Chicago have given me eyewitness accounts. They claim the grandchildren of these Chief Rabbis are big dealers in real estate and other businesses in the Chicago-area, with the treasures stolen by their Chief Rabbi grandfathers from fellow Jews, who naively believed what they were told, and got on the train "for the farm". "You know who they are! Sue them! Expose them! The hour is late. You are 80 years old. What are you waiting for?" I have pleaded. My offer to volunteer my expertise on legal research has so far not been answered or accepted. In vain, I want this particular Great Secret of the 20th Century to be a matter of undisputed court record. --->>>>>> sounds like someone needs to RECORD ALL this INFO by ANY legal means before those in the know take this knowledge to the tomb. This is CRITICAL INFO corroborating the dirty secret of jewish creation of nazism, as in Eichmann being Jewish, Hitler being half Jewish, Goebbels being 100% Sephardic Jewish etc etc see webpage: http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/hitlerfounderofisrael.html ______ Since 1958, Mr.Skolnick has been a court reformer. Since 1963, founder/chairman, Citizen's Committee to Clean Up the Courts, disclosing certain instances of judicial and other bribery and political murders. Since 1991 a regular panelist, and since 1995, moderator/producer, of one-hour,weekly public access Cable TV Show, "Broadsides", Cablecast on Channel 21, 9 p.m. each Monday in Chicago. For a heavy packet of printed stories, send $5.00 [U.S. funds] and a stamped, self-addressed business sized envelope [4-1/4 x 9-1/2 #10 size] WITH THREE STAMPS ON IT, to Citizen's Committee to Clean Up the Courts, Sherman H. Skolnick, Chairman, 9800 South Oglesby Ave., Chicago IL 60617-4870. Office, 7 days, 8 a.m. to midnight, (773) 375-5741 [PLEASE, no "just routine calls]. Before sending FAX, call. http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/solomonbush.html http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/const/devilsdictionary.txt ******************************************************************* Order One Nation Under Israel http://www.whtt.org/onui.htm http://www.gsgbooks.com -- http://www.waco-anewrevelation.com 800-277-9802 or 877-GETWACO COLT 1-800-962-2658 860-244-1449 FAX, use http://www.fax4free.com more files @ PARENT URL: http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/coltzilkha ------------------------------------------------------ http://www.waco93.com http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/ADL.WACO http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/gold.east.timor.txt <- GOLD ALERT JESSIE "The REAL DEAL" VENTURA for PRESIDENT- WRITE HIM IN !!! 1-888-99-ISRAEL OUR TAXES paying for FREE TRIPS to ISRAEL ??? http://www.israelexperience.org ANTI-CHRISTIAN JEWISH SCAM ? or ANTI-JEWISH ROMAN SCAM ? YOU BE the JUDGE http://members.tripod.com/ReuchlinA/ <- PISO WEB SITE http://vvv.gh.wh.uni-dortmund.de/illuminati <- GREAT SITE TAKE YOUR KIDS HUNTING SO YOU DONT HAVE TO HUNT FOR YOUR KIDS http://www.tnugent.com 1-800-343-HUNT NUGE's FREE HUNTING CATALOG http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/nuge4president.html http://TEAMINFINITY.COM/~ralph/howtodefeatright/AAA_TOC.html <-SECRETS of LEFT http://TEAMINFINITY.COM/~ralph/brutalrefuttal.html <-BRUTAL REFUTTAL of PISO ? Your comments requested: ralph@TeamInfinity.com ---------- END BRITISH INTELLIGENCE LOGO IMAGE, note the EYE of HORUS http://vvv.gh.wh.uni-dortmund.de/illuminati/mi5logo.gif http://www.nato.int [check out that root domain name of .int] THE WELL RESPECTED JEWISH PROFESOR ISRAEL SHAHAK on JEWISH HISTORY http://abbc.com/islam/english/books/jewhis/jewhis1.htm ANTI-CHRISTIAN JEWISH SCAM ? or ANTI-JEWISH ROMAN SCAM ? YOU BE the JUDGE http://members.tripod.com/ReuchlinA/ <- PISO WEB SITE BEST MOVIE I HAVE EVER SEEN on "CIVIL" WAR http://www.sound.net/~placer/aocp/war.html _________________________________________________________ http://www.davidicke.com Get his book, one of the GREATEST BOOKS of ALL TIME to reach out to the NewAgers with, entitled: "...And the Truth Shall Set you Free" http://www.amazon.com << END COMMUNIQUE #2266 >> TALK about TREPCA TODAY ! http://TeamInfinity.com/~ralph/trepca Your thoughts, pro or con are invited, we only want the truth... Thanks, ralph@TeamInfinity.com